Summer... CH 11 Flashcards
1
Q
13th century famine and population
A
- “little ice age”= small drop in overall temps; shortened growing seasons and bad weather (heavy storms and constant rain)
- famine killed 10% of European population in the first half of the 14th century
- famine may have led to chronic malnutrition= increased infant mortality, lower birthrates, and higher susceptibility to disease (malnourished ppl are less able to fight infection)
- movement from overpopulated rural areas to urban locations
- 1300= peasant holdings were shrinking…no longer could support a peasant family
2
Q
the Black Death
A
- mid 14th century
- first major epidemic disease to strike Europe since the 7th century
- worst natural disaster in European history
- caused economic, social, political, and cultural upheaval
- parents abandon children
- originated in Asia (Mongols+southwest China)
- Mongols brought it to the Black Sea
- reached Europe Oct 1347
- reached southern Italy and southern France and Spain by the end of 1347
- 1348= France and the Low Countries and Germany
- 1349= England, northern Europe, Scandinavia
- 1351= Eastern Europe and Russia
- outbreaks in 1361-1362, 1369,……ever 5 to 6 to 10 to 12 yrs
- ppl began living in the moment, knowing they would soon die (send money/sex/alcohol……….)
3
Q
bubonic plague
A
- most common/important (but least toxic) form of plague= bubonic plague
- spread by black rats infested with fleas
- symptoms= high fever, aching joints, swelling lymph nodes, dark blotches (underskin bleeding)
- killed 50-60% of victims
4
Q
pneumonic infection
A
- bacterial infection spread to lungs
- severe coughing and bloody spit
- spread by coughing it to someone
5
Q
flagellants
A
- thought that God sent the plague bc of the sins they have done
- whip themselves
- wandered from town to town
- whips= hard knotted leather with little iron spikes
- they began to kill Jews and attack clergy who opposed them
- some thought it was the end of the world, the return of Jesus, and the establishment of a 1000 yr kingdom under his governance
- Pope Clement VI condemned them in Oct 1349 and told authorities to get rid of them
- end of 1350= most flagellant movements were destroyed
6
Q
pogroms
A
- massacres against an ethnic groups (Jews)
- Jews were blamed for the plague (said to have poisoned the water in town wells)
- Jews went to Russia/Poland (king offered protection) or eastern Europe
7
Q
Result of the Black Death
A
- pogroms
- economic and social upheaval
- division of society (clergy, nobility, laborers) began to disintegrate
- labor price rose
- prices for things dropped
- power of landlords decreased during the late 14th and early 15th century
- number of peasants declined
- power of peasants improved but not entirely
- manorialism weakening
- peasants faced the same economic hurdles as lords (wage restrictions, taxes—> complaints, revolts)
8
Q
Statute of Laborers
A
- 1351
- attempted to limit wages to preplague levels and forbid the mobility of peasants
9
Q
the Jacquerie
A
- 1358 peasant revolt
- northern France
10
Q
peasant revolts
A
- class tensions
- landed nobles felt they should be more privileged and felt threatened in the postplague world of higher wages and lower prices
- they looked down on peasants
- peasants burned castles and killed nobles
- revolts in cities too
- the rural (country) and urban (city) revolts of the 14th century ushered in an age of social conflict that characterized much of European history
11
Q
Wat Tyler & John Ball
A
- well-to-do peasant and preacher
- preached that they shouldn’t have dividing classes (we all have the same parents; Adam and Eve)
12
Q
the English Peasant Revolt of 1381
A
- wat tyler and john ball
- at first successful (burned down manor houses of aristocrats, lawyers, and government officials, including the archbishop of Canterbury)
- King Richard II (age 15) promised rebels their demands if they went back home
- after the rebels accepted the offer, he arrested hundreds of rebels
- in the end the poll tax was eliminated and most rebels were pardoned
13
Q
revolt of the ciompi
A
- 1378 Florence
- ciompi= wool workers
- the revolt won the workers concessions from the municipal government (right to form guilds and be represented in the government)
- 1382= authorities ended ciompi participation in government
14
Q
The Hundred Years’ War
A
- 1337-1453
- war between France and England
- look on pg 316
- Edward III technically had a claim to the French throne but nobles said that the inheritance of the monarchy could not pass through the female line but only through the male line (b/c his mom was the daughter of the king of france)
- basically started when Edward III refused to pay homage to Philip VI for Gascony and the French king seized the duchy. Then Edward III declared war on Philip VI
- Edward wanted the French throne
- knights began to lost importance and power
- peasant foot soldiers with pikes and longbows and crossbowmen were more important
- The Black Prince= son of king Edward III; ravaged land, burned crops and villages and towns, and stole anything of value
- French= suffered
- 1396= 20 yr truce
- Joan
- French win (they had cannons)
15
Q
King Edward III
A
- mother= Isabella (nicknamed the she-wolf of France)
- grandfather (father of mother)= Philip IV, king of france
- isabella and her lover overthrew her husband (King Edward II) and ruled England until Edward III could (which happened in 1330)
- technically had a claim to the French throne but nobles said that the inheritance of the monarchy could not pass through the female line but only through the male line
- he became the king of England and the duke of Gascony
- ruled for 50 yrs (1327-1377)
16
Q
Philip VI
A
- “so called king of France”
- duke of Valois
- cousin of the Capetians
- chose to be king of France after the last Capetian king died w/o a male heir
- Edward couldn’t be king b/c the inheritance to the monarchy has to be through the male line not the female line
17
Q
longbows
A
- invented by the Welsh
- more rapid speed of fire than crossbow
18
Q
Battle of Crecy
A
- French= no battle plan; attack in a disorderly fashion; used knights on horseback; heavy armor= not able to get up when fallen on the ground
- English= longbows; VICTORY;
- the english……..pg 312
19
Q
Battle of Poitiers
A
- 1356
- the Black Prince vs King John II
- English won
- French king was captured
- this battle ended the first phase of the War
20
Q
Peace of Bretigny
A
- French paid a ransom for their king after he was captured in the Battle of Poitiers
- English territories in Gascony were enlarged
- Edward III renounced his claims to the French throne if the french king gives up control over English lands in France
21
Q
“free companies”
A
- mercenaries who were no longer paid by the English
- lived off the land by plunder and ransom
22
Q
Henry V
A
- 1415= took advantage of the French civil war and fights in Paris to invade France (and the weak French king Charles VI)
- after Agincourt, he went on to reconquer Normandy
- forged an alliance with the duke of Burgundy, which led to Charles to agree to the Treaty of Troyes in 1420
23
Q
Battle of Agincourt
A
- 1415
- Henry V
- 1,500 French nobles died when the heavily armored French knights tired to fight in the rain and mud
- French lost 6,000 pll
- English only lost 300 men
24
Q
Treaty of Troyes
A
- 1420
- Henry V was to marry Catherine (daughter of Charles VI) and he was recognized as the heir to the French throne
- English were masters of northern France
25
Q
Charles the dauphin
A
- eldest son of Charles VI
- disinherited to the French throne by the Treaty of Troyes
- still thought himself as heir to the French throne
- governed the southern section of French lands from Bourges
- weak
26
Q
Joan of Arc
A
- born in 1412 to a well-to-so peasant family
- peasant woman
- saved the French monarch
- deeply religions
- experienced visions/voices from Sts Michael, Catherine, and Margaret (at age 13)
- claimed that saints in her visions told her to free France and have the dauphin crowned king
- Feb 1429= went to the dauphin’s court; persuaded Charles to allow her to accompany the French army to Orleans
- her faith inspired French soldiers and they liberated Orleans (she led the army)
- the Loire valley was freed of the English
- July 1429 in Reims= dauphin was crowned king of France and became Charles VII
- she brought the war to a turning point
- she was captured by Burgundian allies of the English and was turned over to the Inquisition on charges of witchcraft (b/c she dressed in men’s clothing
- 1431= she was condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake
- 1920= she was made a saint of the Roman Catholic Church
27
Q
scutage
A
- money payments by a vassal to his lord
- substituted for military service
- this way monarchs could hire pro soldiers (more reliable) but left them short of cash
28
Q
15th century political instability
A
- lord-vassal relationships became less important and less personal
- there were 2 ppl who claimed the French throne, 2 aristocratic factions fighting for control of England, and 3 German princes struggling to be recognized as Holy Roman Emperor
- monarchs were running out of money b/c they hired mercenaries instead of vassals, whom they gave a home in exchange for military service
- they attempted to raise taxes
- this caused parliamentary bodies to gain more power by asking favors first
29
Q
Parliament
A
- England’s highest legislature (House of Lords and House of Commons)
- became more important and developed its basic structure/functions during Edward III’s reign
- Edward needed money for the 100 yrs war, so he relied on Parliament to make new taxes
- House of Lords= The Great Council of barons, chief bishops/abbots, aristocrats (position in Par was hereditary)
- House of Commons= representatives of shires and boroughs, less important than lords; began the practice of drawing up petitions that became law if accepted by the king
30
Q
Richard II
A
- Edward III’s grandson
- ruled from 1377-1399
- early yrs of his reign began with the peasant revolt which ended when he made a compromise
- factions of nobles wanted the throne
- Henry of Lancaster defeated him and killed him
- he became King Henry VI and ruled from 1399-1413
- factional conflict would lead to the War of the Roses
31
Q
Estates-General
A
- French Parliament
- consists of the clergy, the nobility, and the Third Estate (everyone else but only in the northern part of France)
- southern had it’s own
- it was one of many institutions
32
Q
gabelle & taille
A
-tax on salt (G)
-hearth tax (T)
-these were hard on the peasants and middle class
-
33
Q
the German monarchy
A
- failure of the Hohenstaufens ended any chance of centralized monarchial authority
- Germany became a land of hundreds of independent states
- all rulers of different states had some obligations to the German king and Holy Roman Emperor but they still acted independently
- the king/emperor began to be chosen through election, not heredity
34
Q
the Golden Bull
A
- document
- stated that 4 princes (the count palatine of Rhine, the duke of Saxony, the margrave of Brandenburg, and the king of Bohemia) and 3 ecclesiastical/clergy rulers (the archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne) would have the legal power to elect the “King of the Romans” (German King) and have the title as emperor
35
Q
The states of italy
A
- failed to make a centralized monarchy by 14th century
- southern italy= naples (ruled by french house of Anjous), and sicily (kings came from the spanish house of Aragon)
- central italy= controled by papacy
- larger, regional states began to grow as larger states expanded at expense of the smaller ones
- end of 14th century= Milan (despotic/tyrannical), Florence, and Venice (Republican) states dominated northern Italy
36
Q
condottieri
A
- mercenary leaders
- sold the services of their band to the highest bidder
- they looted and blackmailed the countryside
37
Q
Republic of Florence
A
- free commune
- grandi= patrician class nobles; dominated the free commune
- popolo grasso= “fat ppl”; wealthy merchant-industrialist class
- 1293= popolo grasso assumed a domiant role in gov by establishing a new constitution–> Ordinances of Justice (provided for a republican gov controlled by the 7 major guilds of the city, which represented wealthier classes)
- signoria= council of elected priors; controlled executive power
- gonfaoliere= standard-bearer of justice; assisted by a number of councils with advisory and overlapping powers
- popolo minuto= small shopkeepers and artisans; revolted in mid-14th century; won a share in gov
- 1382= Florentine gov was controlled by a small merchant oligarchy that manipulated republican gov
- Florence conquered Tuscany and established itself as a major territorial state in northern Italy
38
Q
Republic of Venice
A
- rich from commercial activity
- Great Council= source of all political power
- actual power was in the hands of the Great Council and Senate
- Council of Ten= executive power
- end of 14th century= created a commercial empire (colonies and trading posts in eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea; commercial monopolies in Byzantine Empire)
39
Q
doge
A
- duke
- middle ages= executive head of the republic state
- 1300= figurehead
40
Q
Pope Boniface VIII & Philip IV of France
A
- pope from 1294-1303
- French King form 1285-1314
- claimed the right to tax French clergy
- Boniface VIII said the clergy could not play taxes to any secular ruler w/o the pope’s consent
- Boniface wrote the Unam Sanctum (strongest statement by a pope about the supremacy of the spiritual authority over temporal authority)
- Philip IV captured Boniface and brought him to France b/c he was gonna excommunicated Philip
- pope was rescued but died soon after (of shock?)
- this was considered a victory for Philip for the national monarchy over the papacy
41
Q
Clement V and Avignon
A
- Philip IV pushed the cardinals to elect a Frenchman as pope after Boniface died
- Clement V became pope and lived in Avignon instead of Rome, where the pope traditionally lived (all the popes for the next 7 yrs lived in Avignon)
- this led to the decrease of papal power
- the pope was the bishop of Rome and having the pope rule somewhere else was not right
- the change of where the pope ruled was a turning point in the church’s attempt to adapt to changing economic and political conditions of Europe
- popes centralized admin by making a special bureaucracy
- popes imposed new taxes on the clergy to make up for the losses of income from the Papal States
42
Q
Catherine of Siena
A
- 1347-1380
- called for the pope to return to Rome
- visited Pope Gregory XI in Avignon
- gave up eating solid food at 23 Yrs of age
- after that she only lived on cold water and herbs, which she sucked on and spit out, and the Eucharist
43
Q
Pope Gregory XI
A
- pope from 1370-1378
- was in Avignon
- moved back to Rome in 1377 in response to Catherine of Siena’s “call”
- died in 1378 spring
- after he died, ppl of Rome demanded a Roman or Italian as a pope because they feared that the cardinals would chose another Frenchman
44
Q
Pope Urban VI
A
- Italian archbishop of Bari
- elected pope after Gregory XI died
- pope from 1378-1389
- elected on Easter Sunday
- eliminated the French majority of cardinals and replaced then with Italian ones
- the French cardinals that withdrew from Romes claimed that the mob forced them to pick Urban and therefore that election was no longer valid
45
Q
Clement VII
A
- pope in Avignon that the French cardinals that withdrew from Rome picked b/c they claimed that the mob forced them to pick an Italian pope and the election of Urban VI was not valid
- ruled at the same time at the same time that Pope Urban VI was in Rome
46
Q
the Great Schism
A
- when there were 2 popes
- one in Avignon and one in Rome
- France, Spain, Scotland, and southern Italy supported Clement VII
- England, Germany, Scandinavia, and most of Italy supported Urban VI
- French+allies supported Clement; England+allies supported Urban (like 100 Yrs War; England vs France)
- lasted for 40 yrs
- it decreased the power of the Church
- the pope was supposed to be the leader of Christendom (the Christian world)
47
Q
Marsiglio of Padua
A
- 1270-1342
- wrote Defender of the Peace
- argued that the Church was only one element of society and must confine itself only to spiritual functions
- also argued that the church was a community of the faithful in which all authority ultimately taken away from the community
- the clergy don’t hold special authority, but only serve to take care of affairs of the church on behalf of all Christians
- final authority resides with the general church council+members, not the pope
48
Q
conciliarism
A
- the belief that only a general council of the church could end that schism and bring reform to the church in its “head and members”
- general council has greater power than the pipe and may be able to get rid of him
- since the pope was the only one who could bring together a council and they could not, it was argued that the church hierarchy or secular princes could bring a council together
49
Q
Council of Pisa
A
- 1409
- attempt to end schism
- cardinals from both Avignon and Rome came together
- elected a new pope, Alexander V, and forced the other 2 popes to step down but they refused
- now there are 3 pope
50
Q
Council of Constace
A
- 1414-1418
- Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund, was in charge
- the 3 popes resigned or were deposed
- Cardinal Oddone Colonna, member of an important Roman family, was elected a the new pope (Marin V)
- Great Schism is over
51
Q
Martin V
A
- Cardinal Oddone Colonna
- new pope after the 3 popes stepped down
- 1417-1431
52
Q
Religion during and after the Black Death
A
- decline in importance and respect for the church
- priests didn’t do their job of visiting the sick during the Black Death because they were afraid of the plague
- ppl lost faith
- stress in doing good works (charity) to ensure salvation
- importance of purgatory rose (the place where souls went after death to be purged of sins)—> indulgences and prayers and private mass for the dead shortened time spent in purgatory
- pilgrimages and charitable contributions were good works
53
Q
mysticism
A
-the immediate experience of oneness with God
54
Q
Meister Eckhart
A
- 1260-1327
- Dominican theologian, well educated
- sparked a mystical movement in western Germany
- preacher
- must have union of the soul with God
- this was attainable to all who pursued it wholeheartedly
55
Q
Modern Devotion
A
- founded by Gerard Groote (1340-1384)
- religious movement based on Eckhart’s teachings?
- stressed meditation and the inner life
- more internal, not external (don’t focus on external works)
- -ppl have to imitate Jesus and serving the needs of human beings
- simple?
56
Q
Brothers of the Common Life and Sisters of the Common Life
A
- Brothers= followers of Groote
- laypeople
- no monastic vows
- made their own rules
- established schools throughout Germany and the Netherlands
- stressed the message of serving others (imitate Jesus)
- sisters= devoted to education, the copying of books, and weaving
57
Q
William of Occam
A
- 1285-1329
- philosopher
- said that universals (general concepts) were simply names without corresponding reality and that objects perceived by the senses were real (nominalism)
- reason cannot be used to substantiate spiritual truths
- used reason to analyze the observable phenomena of the world
- this had an important impact on the development of physical science by creating support for rational and scientific analysis
58
Q
Dante Alighieri
A
- 1265-1321
- help a high political office in republican Florence but factions conflict led to his exile in 1302
- wrote the Divine Comedy (poem)
- written in Italian vernacular
- one of the greatest literary works of all time
- it is a story of the souls progression to salvation
- 3 parts= hell (“Inferno”), “Purgatory”, and heaven (“Paradise”
- inferno= Virgil (symbol of human reason) leads Dante but only so far
- purgatory= Beatrice (Dante’s true love who represents revelation) is Dante’s guide to paradise
- paradise= Beatrice presents Dante to St Bernard (symbol of mystical contemplation) and the saint turns him over to the Virgin Mary b/c grace is necessary to achieve the final step of entering the presence of God (must have the “love that moves the sun and the other stars)
59
Q
Francesco Petrarca
A
- known as Petrarch
- one of the greatest European lyric poets
- 1304-1374
- Florentine
- spent most of time outside the city
- revival of the classics
- primary contribution to the development of Italian vernacular was made in his sonnets
- sonnets were inspired by love for a married lady named Laura (met in 1327)
- his ideal= Laura
60
Q
Giovanni Boccaccio
A
- 1313-1375
- poet
- known for his prose
- Florentine
- used Tuscan dialect
- worked for the Bardi banking house in Naples
- fell in love with a noble lady named Fiammetta (his Little Flame)
- this influenced him to write prose romances
- wrote the Decameron
- not in a secular pt of view
- set in the time of the Black Death
- 10 ppl flee to a villa outside Florence
- tell stories to pass time (stories refelt the acceptance of basic Christian values)
- hero= seducer of women (not knight or monk or philosopher)
61
Q
Geoffrey Chaucer
A
- 1340-1400
- clear, forceful language and beauty of expression
- wrote the Canterbury Tales
- English vernacular
- it is a collection of stories told by 29 pilgrims who were journeying from London suburbs of Southwark to the tomb of St Thomas a Becket at Canterbury
- stories told to pass time were varied (knightly romances, fairy tales, sts lives, sophisticated satires, crude anecdotes)
- used some of his characters to criticize the corruption of the church in late medieval period (Friar)
62
Q
Christine de Pizan
A
- 1364-1430
- good education
- father was in Charles V’s court
- married at 15, husband died when she was 25
- 3 children
- best known for the Book of the City of Ladies (1404)
- denounnced the male writers who argued that women needed to be controlled bymen b/c women were prone to evil, unable to learn, and easily swayed (men were antifeminist)
- Reason, Righteousness, and Justice appear to her in a vision
- she argues that women are not evil by nature and they could learn as well as men if they were permitted to attend the same schools
- the book describes past women who were leaders, warriors, wives, mothers, and martyrs for their religious faith
- encourages women to defend themselves from attacks of men
63
Q
Giotto
A
- 1266-1337
- painter
- born into a peasant family
- painted with a new kind of realism (desire to imitate nature)
- later, this was identified as the basic component of classical art
- Giotto’s figures were solid/rounded
- placed realistically in relationship to one other and their background and they conveyed a 3D depth
- expressive faces and physically realistic bodies gave the human qualities which spectators could identify
- he didn’t have successors
64
Q
ars morriendi
A
- the art of dying
- what artistic works came to be based on during and after the time of the Black Death
65
Q
changes in urban life after the black death
A
- authorities tried to keep cities cleaner (enact new laws against waste products on the streets)
- bathhouses were closed
- more prostitutes
- tax prostitutes (they had to wear special items of clothing to distinguish them from other women)
- women= more restricted than men
- they were considered as not as important as men (pg 330)
- the death of many men workers during the Black Death opened up job opportunities for women (metalworkers, stevedores)
- girls went to grammar school but stopped there
- boys went to grammar schools and then went to secondary schools….
66
Q
medical hierarchy
A
- physicians (usually clergymen)= top; highly trained by not a lot of practice
- four humors= blood (from the heart), phelgm (from the brain),yellow bile (from the liver), black bile (from the spleen); if you were sick, the humors were out of balance
- humans were a microcosm of the cosmos
- look on pg 331
- surgeons= below physicians; performed operations, st broken bones, bleeding patients; knowledge based in practical experience
- midwives= delivered babies
- barber-surgeons= menial tasks (blood letting and simple bone fractures)
- apothecaries= filled herbal prescriptions recommended by physicians; prescribed drugs
- all were not able to help during the plague (didn’t understand the plague)
- crisis in medieval medicine and new approaches to health care
67
Q
inventions in the 14th century
A
- clock
- Giovanni di Dondi= designed the best one; had zodiac signs; stuck on the hour
- installed on towers
- first clock striking 24 hours was in a church in Milan in 1335
- brought a new regularity into the lives of workers and merchants (no more telling work time by daybreak/nightfall or by church bells)
- made it possible to plan one’s day and organize on’s activities around the striking of bells
- eyeglasses= made it easy to read small handwriting on paper (parchment was expensive)
- parchment was replaced by cheaper paper made from cotton rags but was more subject to insect and water damage
- gunpowder/cannons= cannons could blow up very easily but they and gunpowder were very valuable
