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AP Euro > Summer... CH 11 > Flashcards

Summer... CH 11 Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

13th century famine and population

A
  • “little ice age”= small drop in overall temps; shortened growing seasons and bad weather (heavy storms and constant rain)
  • famine killed 10% of European population in the first half of the 14th century
  • famine may have led to chronic malnutrition= increased infant mortality, lower birthrates, and higher susceptibility to disease (malnourished ppl are less able to fight infection)
  • movement from overpopulated rural areas to urban locations
  • 1300= peasant holdings were shrinking…no longer could support a peasant family
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2
Q

the Black Death

A
  • mid 14th century
  • first major epidemic disease to strike Europe since the 7th century
  • worst natural disaster in European history
  • caused economic, social, political, and cultural upheaval
  • parents abandon children
  • originated in Asia (Mongols+southwest China)
  • Mongols brought it to the Black Sea
  • reached Europe Oct 1347
  • reached southern Italy and southern France and Spain by the end of 1347
  • 1348= France and the Low Countries and Germany
  • 1349= England, northern Europe, Scandinavia
  • 1351= Eastern Europe and Russia
  • outbreaks in 1361-1362, 1369,……ever 5 to 6 to 10 to 12 yrs
  • ppl began living in the moment, knowing they would soon die (send money/sex/alcohol……….)
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3
Q

bubonic plague

A
  • most common/important (but least toxic) form of plague= bubonic plague
  • spread by black rats infested with fleas
  • symptoms= high fever, aching joints, swelling lymph nodes, dark blotches (underskin bleeding)
  • killed 50-60% of victims
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4
Q

pneumonic infection

A
  • bacterial infection spread to lungs
  • severe coughing and bloody spit
  • spread by coughing it to someone
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5
Q

flagellants

A
  • thought that God sent the plague bc of the sins they have done
  • whip themselves
  • wandered from town to town
  • whips= hard knotted leather with little iron spikes
  • they began to kill Jews and attack clergy who opposed them
  • some thought it was the end of the world, the return of Jesus, and the establishment of a 1000 yr kingdom under his governance
  • Pope Clement VI condemned them in Oct 1349 and told authorities to get rid of them
  • end of 1350= most flagellant movements were destroyed
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6
Q

pogroms

A
  • massacres against an ethnic groups (Jews)
  • Jews were blamed for the plague (said to have poisoned the water in town wells)
  • Jews went to Russia/Poland (king offered protection) or eastern Europe
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7
Q

Result of the Black Death

A
  • pogroms
  • economic and social upheaval
  • division of society (clergy, nobility, laborers) began to disintegrate
  • labor price rose
  • prices for things dropped
  • power of landlords decreased during the late 14th and early 15th century
  • number of peasants declined
  • power of peasants improved but not entirely
  • manorialism weakening
  • peasants faced the same economic hurdles as lords (wage restrictions, taxes—> complaints, revolts)
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8
Q

Statute of Laborers

A
  • 1351

- attempted to limit wages to preplague levels and forbid the mobility of peasants

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9
Q

the Jacquerie

A
  • 1358 peasant revolt

- northern France

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10
Q

peasant revolts

A
  • class tensions
  • landed nobles felt they should be more privileged and felt threatened in the postplague world of higher wages and lower prices
  • they looked down on peasants
  • peasants burned castles and killed nobles
  • revolts in cities too
  • the rural (country) and urban (city) revolts of the 14th century ushered in an age of social conflict that characterized much of European history
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11
Q

Wat Tyler & John Ball

A
  • well-to-do peasant and preacher

- preached that they shouldn’t have dividing classes (we all have the same parents; Adam and Eve)

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12
Q

the English Peasant Revolt of 1381

A
  • wat tyler and john ball
  • at first successful (burned down manor houses of aristocrats, lawyers, and government officials, including the archbishop of Canterbury)
  • King Richard II (age 15) promised rebels their demands if they went back home
  • after the rebels accepted the offer, he arrested hundreds of rebels
  • in the end the poll tax was eliminated and most rebels were pardoned
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13
Q

revolt of the ciompi

A
  • 1378 Florence
  • ciompi= wool workers
  • the revolt won the workers concessions from the municipal government (right to form guilds and be represented in the government)
  • 1382= authorities ended ciompi participation in government
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14
Q

The Hundred Years’ War

A
  • 1337-1453
  • war between France and England
  • look on pg 316
  • Edward III technically had a claim to the French throne but nobles said that the inheritance of the monarchy could not pass through the female line but only through the male line (b/c his mom was the daughter of the king of france)
  • basically started when Edward III refused to pay homage to Philip VI for Gascony and the French king seized the duchy. Then Edward III declared war on Philip VI
  • Edward wanted the French throne
  • knights began to lost importance and power
  • peasant foot soldiers with pikes and longbows and crossbowmen were more important
  • The Black Prince= son of king Edward III; ravaged land, burned crops and villages and towns, and stole anything of value
  • French= suffered
  • 1396= 20 yr truce
  • Joan
  • French win (they had cannons)
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15
Q

King Edward III

A
  • mother= Isabella (nicknamed the she-wolf of France)
  • grandfather (father of mother)= Philip IV, king of france
  • isabella and her lover overthrew her husband (King Edward II) and ruled England until Edward III could (which happened in 1330)
  • technically had a claim to the French throne but nobles said that the inheritance of the monarchy could not pass through the female line but only through the male line
  • he became the king of England and the duke of Gascony
  • ruled for 50 yrs (1327-1377)
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16
Q

Philip VI

A
  • “so called king of France”
  • duke of Valois
  • cousin of the Capetians
  • chose to be king of France after the last Capetian king died w/o a male heir
  • Edward couldn’t be king b/c the inheritance to the monarchy has to be through the male line not the female line
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17
Q

longbows

A
  • invented by the Welsh

- more rapid speed of fire than crossbow

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18
Q

Battle of Crecy

A
  • French= no battle plan; attack in a disorderly fashion; used knights on horseback; heavy armor= not able to get up when fallen on the ground
  • English= longbows; VICTORY;
  • the english……..pg 312
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19
Q

Battle of Poitiers

A
  • 1356
  • the Black Prince vs King John II
  • English won
  • French king was captured
  • this battle ended the first phase of the War
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20
Q

Peace of Bretigny

A
  • French paid a ransom for their king after he was captured in the Battle of Poitiers
  • English territories in Gascony were enlarged
  • Edward III renounced his claims to the French throne if the french king gives up control over English lands in France
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21
Q

“free companies”

A
  • mercenaries who were no longer paid by the English

- lived off the land by plunder and ransom

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22
Q

Henry V

A
  • 1415= took advantage of the French civil war and fights in Paris to invade France (and the weak French king Charles VI)
  • after Agincourt, he went on to reconquer Normandy
  • forged an alliance with the duke of Burgundy, which led to Charles to agree to the Treaty of Troyes in 1420
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23
Q

Battle of Agincourt

A
  • 1415
  • Henry V
  • 1,500 French nobles died when the heavily armored French knights tired to fight in the rain and mud
  • French lost 6,000 pll
  • English only lost 300 men
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24
Q

Treaty of Troyes

A
  • 1420
  • Henry V was to marry Catherine (daughter of Charles VI) and he was recognized as the heir to the French throne
  • English were masters of northern France
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25
Q

Charles the dauphin

A
  • eldest son of Charles VI
  • disinherited to the French throne by the Treaty of Troyes
  • still thought himself as heir to the French throne
  • governed the southern section of French lands from Bourges
  • weak
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26
Q

Joan of Arc

A
  • born in 1412 to a well-to-so peasant family
  • peasant woman
  • saved the French monarch
  • deeply religions
  • experienced visions/voices from Sts Michael, Catherine, and Margaret (at age 13)
  • claimed that saints in her visions told her to free France and have the dauphin crowned king
  • Feb 1429= went to the dauphin’s court; persuaded Charles to allow her to accompany the French army to Orleans
  • her faith inspired French soldiers and they liberated Orleans (she led the army)
  • the Loire valley was freed of the English
  • July 1429 in Reims= dauphin was crowned king of France and became Charles VII
  • she brought the war to a turning point
  • she was captured by Burgundian allies of the English and was turned over to the Inquisition on charges of witchcraft (b/c she dressed in men’s clothing
  • 1431= she was condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake
  • 1920= she was made a saint of the Roman Catholic Church
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27
Q

scutage

A
  • money payments by a vassal to his lord
  • substituted for military service
  • this way monarchs could hire pro soldiers (more reliable) but left them short of cash
28
Q

15th century political instability

A
  • lord-vassal relationships became less important and less personal
  • there were 2 ppl who claimed the French throne, 2 aristocratic factions fighting for control of England, and 3 German princes struggling to be recognized as Holy Roman Emperor
  • monarchs were running out of money b/c they hired mercenaries instead of vassals, whom they gave a home in exchange for military service
  • they attempted to raise taxes
  • this caused parliamentary bodies to gain more power by asking favors first
29
Q

Parliament

A
  • England’s highest legislature (House of Lords and House of Commons)
  • became more important and developed its basic structure/functions during Edward III’s reign
  • Edward needed money for the 100 yrs war, so he relied on Parliament to make new taxes
  • House of Lords= The Great Council of barons, chief bishops/abbots, aristocrats (position in Par was hereditary)
  • House of Commons= representatives of shires and boroughs, less important than lords; began the practice of drawing up petitions that became law if accepted by the king
30
Q

Richard II

A
  • Edward III’s grandson
  • ruled from 1377-1399
  • early yrs of his reign began with the peasant revolt which ended when he made a compromise
  • factions of nobles wanted the throne
  • Henry of Lancaster defeated him and killed him
  • he became King Henry VI and ruled from 1399-1413
  • factional conflict would lead to the War of the Roses
31
Q

Estates-General

A
  • French Parliament
  • consists of the clergy, the nobility, and the Third Estate (everyone else but only in the northern part of France)
  • southern had it’s own
  • it was one of many institutions
32
Q

gabelle & taille

A

-tax on salt (G)
-hearth tax (T)
-these were hard on the peasants and middle class
-

33
Q

the German monarchy

A
  • failure of the Hohenstaufens ended any chance of centralized monarchial authority
  • Germany became a land of hundreds of independent states
  • all rulers of different states had some obligations to the German king and Holy Roman Emperor but they still acted independently
  • the king/emperor began to be chosen through election, not heredity
34
Q

the Golden Bull

A
  • document
  • stated that 4 princes (the count palatine of Rhine, the duke of Saxony, the margrave of Brandenburg, and the king of Bohemia) and 3 ecclesiastical/clergy rulers (the archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne) would have the legal power to elect the “King of the Romans” (German King) and have the title as emperor
35
Q

The states of italy

A
  • failed to make a centralized monarchy by 14th century
  • southern italy= naples (ruled by french house of Anjous), and sicily (kings came from the spanish house of Aragon)
  • central italy= controled by papacy
  • larger, regional states began to grow as larger states expanded at expense of the smaller ones
  • end of 14th century= Milan (despotic/tyrannical), Florence, and Venice (Republican) states dominated northern Italy
36
Q

condottieri

A
  • mercenary leaders
  • sold the services of their band to the highest bidder
  • they looted and blackmailed the countryside
37
Q

Republic of Florence

A
  • free commune
  • grandi= patrician class nobles; dominated the free commune
  • popolo grasso= “fat ppl”; wealthy merchant-industrialist class
  • 1293= popolo grasso assumed a domiant role in gov by establishing a new constitution–> Ordinances of Justice (provided for a republican gov controlled by the 7 major guilds of the city, which represented wealthier classes)
  • signoria= council of elected priors; controlled executive power
  • gonfaoliere= standard-bearer of justice; assisted by a number of councils with advisory and overlapping powers
  • popolo minuto= small shopkeepers and artisans; revolted in mid-14th century; won a share in gov
  • 1382= Florentine gov was controlled by a small merchant oligarchy that manipulated republican gov
  • Florence conquered Tuscany and established itself as a major territorial state in northern Italy
38
Q

Republic of Venice

A
  • rich from commercial activity
  • Great Council= source of all political power
  • actual power was in the hands of the Great Council and Senate
  • Council of Ten= executive power
  • end of 14th century= created a commercial empire (colonies and trading posts in eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea; commercial monopolies in Byzantine Empire)
39
Q

doge

A
  • duke
  • middle ages= executive head of the republic state
  • 1300= figurehead
40
Q

Pope Boniface VIII & Philip IV of France

A
  • pope from 1294-1303
  • French King form 1285-1314
  • claimed the right to tax French clergy
  • Boniface VIII said the clergy could not play taxes to any secular ruler w/o the pope’s consent
  • Boniface wrote the Unam Sanctum (strongest statement by a pope about the supremacy of the spiritual authority over temporal authority)
  • Philip IV captured Boniface and brought him to France b/c he was gonna excommunicated Philip
  • pope was rescued but died soon after (of shock?)
  • this was considered a victory for Philip for the national monarchy over the papacy
41
Q

Clement V and Avignon

A
  • Philip IV pushed the cardinals to elect a Frenchman as pope after Boniface died
  • Clement V became pope and lived in Avignon instead of Rome, where the pope traditionally lived (all the popes for the next 7 yrs lived in Avignon)
  • this led to the decrease of papal power
  • the pope was the bishop of Rome and having the pope rule somewhere else was not right
  • the change of where the pope ruled was a turning point in the church’s attempt to adapt to changing economic and political conditions of Europe
  • popes centralized admin by making a special bureaucracy
  • popes imposed new taxes on the clergy to make up for the losses of income from the Papal States
42
Q

Catherine of Siena

A
  • 1347-1380
  • called for the pope to return to Rome
  • visited Pope Gregory XI in Avignon
  • gave up eating solid food at 23 Yrs of age
  • after that she only lived on cold water and herbs, which she sucked on and spit out, and the Eucharist
43
Q

Pope Gregory XI

A
  • pope from 1370-1378
  • was in Avignon
  • moved back to Rome in 1377 in response to Catherine of Siena’s “call”
  • died in 1378 spring
  • after he died, ppl of Rome demanded a Roman or Italian as a pope because they feared that the cardinals would chose another Frenchman
44
Q

Pope Urban VI

A
  • Italian archbishop of Bari
  • elected pope after Gregory XI died
  • pope from 1378-1389
  • elected on Easter Sunday
  • eliminated the French majority of cardinals and replaced then with Italian ones
  • the French cardinals that withdrew from Romes claimed that the mob forced them to pick Urban and therefore that election was no longer valid
45
Q

Clement VII

A
  • pope in Avignon that the French cardinals that withdrew from Rome picked b/c they claimed that the mob forced them to pick an Italian pope and the election of Urban VI was not valid
  • ruled at the same time at the same time that Pope Urban VI was in Rome
46
Q

the Great Schism

A
  • when there were 2 popes
  • one in Avignon and one in Rome
  • France, Spain, Scotland, and southern Italy supported Clement VII
  • England, Germany, Scandinavia, and most of Italy supported Urban VI
  • French+allies supported Clement; England+allies supported Urban (like 100 Yrs War; England vs France)
  • lasted for 40 yrs
  • it decreased the power of the Church
  • the pope was supposed to be the leader of Christendom (the Christian world)
47
Q

Marsiglio of Padua

A
  • 1270-1342
  • wrote Defender of the Peace
  • argued that the Church was only one element of society and must confine itself only to spiritual functions
  • also argued that the church was a community of the faithful in which all authority ultimately taken away from the community
  • the clergy don’t hold special authority, but only serve to take care of affairs of the church on behalf of all Christians
  • final authority resides with the general church council+members, not the pope
48
Q

conciliarism

A
  • the belief that only a general council of the church could end that schism and bring reform to the church in its “head and members”
  • general council has greater power than the pipe and may be able to get rid of him
  • since the pope was the only one who could bring together a council and they could not, it was argued that the church hierarchy or secular princes could bring a council together
49
Q

Council of Pisa

A
  • 1409
  • attempt to end schism
  • cardinals from both Avignon and Rome came together
  • elected a new pope, Alexander V, and forced the other 2 popes to step down but they refused
  • now there are 3 pope
50
Q

Council of Constace

A
  • 1414-1418
  • Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund, was in charge
  • the 3 popes resigned or were deposed
  • Cardinal Oddone Colonna, member of an important Roman family, was elected a the new pope (Marin V)
  • Great Schism is over
51
Q

Martin V

A
  • Cardinal Oddone Colonna
  • new pope after the 3 popes stepped down
  • 1417-1431
52
Q

Religion during and after the Black Death

A
  • decline in importance and respect for the church
  • priests didn’t do their job of visiting the sick during the Black Death because they were afraid of the plague
  • ppl lost faith
  • stress in doing good works (charity) to ensure salvation
  • importance of purgatory rose (the place where souls went after death to be purged of sins)—> indulgences and prayers and private mass for the dead shortened time spent in purgatory
  • pilgrimages and charitable contributions were good works
53
Q

mysticism

A

-the immediate experience of oneness with God

54
Q

Meister Eckhart

A
  • 1260-1327
  • Dominican theologian, well educated
  • sparked a mystical movement in western Germany
  • preacher
  • must have union of the soul with God
  • this was attainable to all who pursued it wholeheartedly
55
Q

Modern Devotion

A
  • founded by Gerard Groote (1340-1384)
  • religious movement based on Eckhart’s teachings?
  • stressed meditation and the inner life
  • more internal, not external (don’t focus on external works)
  • -ppl have to imitate Jesus and serving the needs of human beings
  • simple?
56
Q

Brothers of the Common Life and Sisters of the Common Life

A
  • Brothers= followers of Groote
  • laypeople
  • no monastic vows
  • made their own rules
  • established schools throughout Germany and the Netherlands
  • stressed the message of serving others (imitate Jesus)
  • sisters= devoted to education, the copying of books, and weaving
57
Q

William of Occam

A
  • 1285-1329
  • philosopher
  • said that universals (general concepts) were simply names without corresponding reality and that objects perceived by the senses were real (nominalism)
  • reason cannot be used to substantiate spiritual truths
  • used reason to analyze the observable phenomena of the world
  • this had an important impact on the development of physical science by creating support for rational and scientific analysis
58
Q

Dante Alighieri

A
  • 1265-1321
  • help a high political office in republican Florence but factions conflict led to his exile in 1302
  • wrote the Divine Comedy (poem)
  • written in Italian vernacular
  • one of the greatest literary works of all time
  • it is a story of the souls progression to salvation
  • 3 parts= hell (“Inferno”), “Purgatory”, and heaven (“Paradise”
  • inferno= Virgil (symbol of human reason) leads Dante but only so far
  • purgatory= Beatrice (Dante’s true love who represents revelation) is Dante’s guide to paradise
  • paradise= Beatrice presents Dante to St Bernard (symbol of mystical contemplation) and the saint turns him over to the Virgin Mary b/c grace is necessary to achieve the final step of entering the presence of God (must have the “love that moves the sun and the other stars)
59
Q

Francesco Petrarca

A
  • known as Petrarch
  • one of the greatest European lyric poets
  • 1304-1374
  • Florentine
  • spent most of time outside the city
  • revival of the classics
  • primary contribution to the development of Italian vernacular was made in his sonnets
  • sonnets were inspired by love for a married lady named Laura (met in 1327)
  • his ideal= Laura
60
Q

Giovanni Boccaccio

A
  • 1313-1375
  • poet
  • known for his prose
  • Florentine
  • used Tuscan dialect
  • worked for the Bardi banking house in Naples
  • fell in love with a noble lady named Fiammetta (his Little Flame)
  • this influenced him to write prose romances
  • wrote the Decameron
  • not in a secular pt of view
  • set in the time of the Black Death
  • 10 ppl flee to a villa outside Florence
  • tell stories to pass time (stories refelt the acceptance of basic Christian values)
  • hero= seducer of women (not knight or monk or philosopher)
61
Q

Geoffrey Chaucer

A
  • 1340-1400
  • clear, forceful language and beauty of expression
  • wrote the Canterbury Tales
  • English vernacular
  • it is a collection of stories told by 29 pilgrims who were journeying from London suburbs of Southwark to the tomb of St Thomas a Becket at Canterbury
  • stories told to pass time were varied (knightly romances, fairy tales, sts lives, sophisticated satires, crude anecdotes)
  • used some of his characters to criticize the corruption of the church in late medieval period (Friar)
62
Q

Christine de Pizan

A
  • 1364-1430
  • good education
  • father was in Charles V’s court
  • married at 15, husband died when she was 25
  • 3 children
  • best known for the Book of the City of Ladies (1404)
  • denounnced the male writers who argued that women needed to be controlled bymen b/c women were prone to evil, unable to learn, and easily swayed (men were antifeminist)
  • Reason, Righteousness, and Justice appear to her in a vision
  • she argues that women are not evil by nature and they could learn as well as men if they were permitted to attend the same schools
  • the book describes past women who were leaders, warriors, wives, mothers, and martyrs for their religious faith
  • encourages women to defend themselves from attacks of men
63
Q

Giotto

A
  • 1266-1337
  • painter
  • born into a peasant family
  • painted with a new kind of realism (desire to imitate nature)
  • later, this was identified as the basic component of classical art
  • Giotto’s figures were solid/rounded
  • placed realistically in relationship to one other and their background and they conveyed a 3D depth
  • expressive faces and physically realistic bodies gave the human qualities which spectators could identify
  • he didn’t have successors
64
Q

ars morriendi

A
  • the art of dying

- what artistic works came to be based on during and after the time of the Black Death

65
Q

changes in urban life after the black death

A
  • authorities tried to keep cities cleaner (enact new laws against waste products on the streets)
  • bathhouses were closed
  • more prostitutes
  • tax prostitutes (they had to wear special items of clothing to distinguish them from other women)
  • women= more restricted than men
  • they were considered as not as important as men (pg 330)
  • the death of many men workers during the Black Death opened up job opportunities for women (metalworkers, stevedores)
  • girls went to grammar school but stopped there
  • boys went to grammar schools and then went to secondary schools….
66
Q

medical hierarchy

A
  • physicians (usually clergymen)= top; highly trained by not a lot of practice
  • four humors= blood (from the heart), phelgm (from the brain),yellow bile (from the liver), black bile (from the spleen); if you were sick, the humors were out of balance
  • humans were a microcosm of the cosmos
  • look on pg 331
  • surgeons= below physicians; performed operations, st broken bones, bleeding patients; knowledge based in practical experience
  • midwives= delivered babies
  • barber-surgeons= menial tasks (blood letting and simple bone fractures)
  • apothecaries= filled herbal prescriptions recommended by physicians; prescribed drugs
  • all were not able to help during the plague (didn’t understand the plague)
  • crisis in medieval medicine and new approaches to health care
67
Q

inventions in the 14th century

A
  • clock
  • Giovanni di Dondi= designed the best one; had zodiac signs; stuck on the hour
  • installed on towers
  • first clock striking 24 hours was in a church in Milan in 1335
  • brought a new regularity into the lives of workers and merchants (no more telling work time by daybreak/nightfall or by church bells)
  • made it possible to plan one’s day and organize on’s activities around the striking of bells
  • eyeglasses= made it easy to read small handwriting on paper (parchment was expensive)
  • parchment was replaced by cheaper paper made from cotton rags but was more subject to insect and water damage
  • gunpowder/cannons= cannons could blow up very easily but they and gunpowder were very valuable

AP Euro (22 decks)

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