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AP Euro > Unit 7, Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit 7, Part 2 Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

Thomas Edison

A

-American; invented light bulb

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2
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

-invented the telephone in 1876

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3
Q

Guglielmo Marconi

A
  • sent the first radio waves across the atlantic in 1901
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4
Q

Gottlieb Daimler

A
  • invented the light engine; key to development of automobiles
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5
Q

Henry Ford

A
  • American; revolutionized car industry with mass production of the model T
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6
Q

Wilbur and Oliver Wright

A

-US,made the first flight in a fixed-wing plane powered by gasoline engine

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7
Q

protective tariffs

A

-guaranteed domestic markets for products of their own industries (protect industry from being squashed by a bigger industry before they even get started)

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8
Q

cartels

A
  • formed to decreased competition internally
  • independent enterprises worked together to control prices and fix production quotas→ retrain competition → reduced prices
  • Germany→ bank protect investments by eliminating anarchy of competition
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9
Q

****plants

A
  • larger factories

- ????

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10
Q

depression

A

-…….economic

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11
Q

piecework

A
  • type of employment in which a worker is paid a fixed piece rate for each unit produced or action performed regardless of time
  • poorly paid, long hours; poorest paid jobs= “slop work”
  • women had no choice but to work in these places
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12
Q

white collar jobs

A
  • service jobs
  • belonging or pertaining to the ranks of office and professional workers whose jobs generally do not involve manual labor or the wearing of a uniform or work clothes
  • increase demand ans decrease in male workers= more women workers
  • clerks, typists, secretaries
  • need education → more teachers; modern hospital services→ increase in nurses
  • unexciting
  • escape from “dirty work” of the lower class
  • shift in women’s work from factories to white collar; no real increase
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13
Q

Josephine Butler

A
  • objected laws that punished women but not men who suffered from venereal disease
  • “shrieking sisters”= discussed sexual matters in public
  • successful in gaining the repeal in 1886
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14
Q

Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel

A

-Marxist leaders of the Social Democratic Party in Germany

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15
Q

Social Democratic Party

A

-it espoused revolutionary Marxist rhetoric while organizing itself as a mass political party competing in elections for Reichstag (German Parliament)
-once in Reichstag; SDP delegates work to enact legislation to improve condition of the working class
-gov tried to stop this; it only grew more
1912= received 4 million votes; largest single party in Germany

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16
Q

Jean Jaures

A
  • leader of French socialism; independent

- looked to the French revolutionary tradition rather than Marxism to justify revolutionary socialism

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17
Q

evolutionary socialism (revisionism)

A
  • rejection of authoritarian rule and violent revolution
  • believed that in time the capitalist system would wither away and that ppl (democratically elected reps) would replace capitalist social and economic system with a socialist one
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18
Q

Edward Bernstein

A
  • evolutionary socialist; member of German SDP
  • argued that some of Marx’s ideas were wrong→ capitalist system was not broken down→ the middle class was expanding to declining (Evolutionary Socialism book)
  • discarded Marx’s idea about class struggle and revolution
  • workers must work together in mass political parties with other advanced elements in a nation to bring change
  • evolution would achieve goal of socialism
  • German and French socialism leaders (and Second International) condemned evolutionary socialism as heresy and opportunism→ but many socialist parties (German SDP) had revolutionary slogans but had a gradualist approach
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19
Q

trade unions

A
  • unions formed by workers
  • to improve working conditions
  • unsuccessful
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20
Q

anarchism

A
  • a political theory that holds that all govs and existing social institutions are unnecessary and advocates a society based on voluntary cooperation
  • prominent in less industrialized and less democratic areas
  • true freedom can only be achieved by abolishing that state and all existing institutions
  • early anarchists believed that ppl were inherently good but had been corrupt by state and society
  • some countries went radical
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21
Q

Michael Bakunin

A
  • Russian anarchist
  • Russian; believed that small groups of well-trained, fanatical revolutionaries could perpetrate so much violence that the state and all its institutions would disintegrate→ anarchist golden age
  • died 1876→ anarchist revolutions used assassination as primary instrument or terror (like a Russian tsar in 1881, president of the French Republic in 1894, the king of Italy in 1900, and the US president in 1901)
22
Q

The Public Health Act of 1875

A

-Britain; prohibited construction of new buildings without running water and internal drainage system

23
Q

Housing Act of 1890

A
  • Britain; empowered local town councils to collect new taxes and construct cheap housing for the working class
  • first communities to take advantage of new powers= London and Liverpool
  • similar something in Germany
  • failed to do much to meet housing needs or working class
24
Q

plutocrats

A
  • wealthy elite; industrialists; bankers, merchants
  • aristocrats and plutocrats= become wealthy upper middle class; bought nice houses; country living
  • common bonds
25
Q

cult of middle class domesticity

A
  • true womanhood

- women’s natural job was to work in the home

26
Q

universal elementary education

A
  • after 1870= functions of state were extended to include development of mass education in state run systems
  • most W govs began to offer at least primary edu to girls and boys (most= not optional)
  • states assume responsibility for quality of teachers → teacher training schools
  • liberals thought that education was important to personal and social improvements and sought to teach Christian education with moral and civic training based on secular values
  • no more common sense for machines→ need for more knowledge/educated ppl→ more possibilities for jobs
  • mass compulsory education instilled patriotism and nationalized the masses→ opportunities for greater national integration
27
Q

mass leisure

A
  • not during work; forms of leisure that appeal to large numbers of ppl in society, including the working class
  • music; dance; sports; tourism; amusement parks
28
Q

mass society

A
  • society in which the concerns of the majority-the lower classes play a prominent role
  • characterized by extension of voting rights, and improved living standard of living for the lower class, and mass education
29
Q

mass politics

A

ーW European states; a political order characterized by mass political parties and universal males and (eventually) female suffrage

30
Q

Reform Act of 1884

A
  • gave vote to all men who paid regular rents or taxes; enfranchised agricultural workers
  • added another 2 million male voters to electorate
  • women still denied right to vote
31
Q

home rule

A

-self government for having separate Parliament but not complete independence

32
Q

Paris Commune

A

-March 26, 1871= radical republicans formed independent republican gov against the French gov after France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War

33
Q

The Third Republic

A
  • French gov from 1870-1940
  • after second empire
  • parliamentary republic
  • marked by social stability (except for the Alfred Dreyfus affair), industrialization, and establishment of a professional civil service
34
Q

General Georges Boulanger

A
  • popular military officer; attracted public attention of all ppl who didn’t like Third Republic (monarchists, Bonapartist, aristocrate, nationalists) who favored war against Germany (revenge)
  • thought he would “save France” by a coup d’etat; 1889= lost nerve; fled
35
Q

the Generation of 1898

A
  • group on young intellectuals; called for political and social reforms
  • Liberals and Conservatives attempted to enlarge electorate and win masses’ support for policies
  • reforms didn’t reduce the unrest; growth of industrialization→ workers become radical socialists and anarchists
  • revolt in Barcelona 1909= made clear that reform would not come easy (Catholic Church; large landowners, army= tied to conservative social order
36
Q

Kulturkampf

A
  • Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church; “struggle for civilization”
  • secularity and reducing the role and power of the Roman Catholic Church in Prussia
  • 1871-1878
37
Q

nationalities problem

A
  • Austria Hungary= problem of minorities; ethnic Germans govern Austria but felt threatened by Czechs, Poles, and other Slavic groups; difficulties dealing with this
  • try to solve it by Magyarization→ Magyar language imposed on all schools; it was the only language that could be used by gov and military officials
38
Q

Alexander III

A
  • son of Alexander II (after assassination of Alexander II by populists)= thought reform was a mistake
  • expand powers of secret police
  • advocates of constitutional monarchy and rev groups were persecuted
  • martial law
  • decreased power of zemstvos
  • radical Russification program
39
Q

Emmeline Pankhurst

A
  • founded Women’s Social and Political Union in 1903; enrolled mostly middle and upper class women; radical
  • realized the value of the media and used unusual publicity stunts to call attention to demands
  • suffragettes
  • radical–> pelted gov officials with eggs; chained themselves to lampposts; smashed windows of dept store; burned railroad cars went on hunger strikes in jail
40
Q

suffragettes

A
  • a woman seeking the right to vote through organized protest.
  • minority; diminutive
41
Q

anti Semitism

A
  • prejudice against Jews; blamed Jews for corruption of German culture
  • Karl Lueger
42
Q

pogroms

A

-organized massacres

43
Q

Zionism

A
  • Jewish nationalist movement; focus= Palestine
  • many Jews thought that Palestine (the ancient Israel) had long been the land of their dreams
  • Jews wanted national independence (like the Germans and Italians)
44
Q

Theodor Herzl

A
  • key figure in the growth of political Zionism

- The Jewish Stature= said that “Jews who wish it will have their state”

45
Q

Labour Party

A
  • 1900= reps of the trade unions and Fabian Socialists worked together to form the Labour Party
  • It grew out of the trade union movement and socialist political parties of the nineteenth century
  • socialist
46
Q

David Lloyd George

A
  • orator from Wales; moved by misery of Welsh coal miners; served as chancellor of Exchequer from 1908-1915
  • increased tax burden on the wealthy class
  • he was forced to confront the power of the House of Lords, who opposed his effort to reform tax
47
Q

transformism

A
  • transformismo; system in which old political groups were transformed into new gov coalitions by political and economic liberty
48
Q

The Dreyfus affair..

A

-Alfred Dreyfus (Jew and captain)= found guilty by secret military court of selling army secrets; condemned to life in prison on Devil’s Island
-another officer (Catholic) was the traitor but he wasn’t held on trial bc the army (Catholic and aristocratic officers)
-public outrage= new trial→ Dreyfus was pardoned 1899; 1906= fully acquitted
impact went -everywhere→ France= change in gov

49
Q

Revolution of 1905

A
  • wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire
  • Jan 9 1905= procession of workers went to the Winter Palace in St Petersburg to present a petition of grievances to the tsar
  • troops opened fire in the peaceful demonstration; killed lots of ppl
  • “Bloody Sunday”–> incite ppl to form strikes and form unions
  • zemstvos demanded parliamentary; ethnic groups revolted; peasants burned landowners houses
50
Q

Duma

A
  • Russian
  • Oct 1905= gov capitulated → October Manifesto= granted civil liberties and agreed to create a legislative assembly
  • imperial
  • nicholas II

AP Euro (22 decks)

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