Unit 6, Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
liberalism
A
- based on belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible
- became more significant as the Industrial Revolution made rapid strides bc the developing industrial middle class largely adopted the doctrine as it’s own
- different opinions among liberals
- economic liberal= laissez faire
- political liberalism=protection of civil liberties/basic rights of all ppl (equality before the law, freedom of assembly, speech, and press, and freedom of arbitrary arrest)
2
Q
Thomas Malthus
A
- 1766-1834
- argued that population, when unchecked, increases at an arithmetic rate while the food supply correspondingly increased at a much slower arithmetic rate→ result= overpopulation, starvation
- misery and poverty are inevitable results of the law of nature; no gov should interfere with that
3
Q
David Ricardo
A
- 1772-1823
- Principles of Political Economy
- “iron law of wages”
4
Q
“iron law of wages”
A
- increase population→ more workers→ wages fall below subsistence level→ misery and starvation→ reduce population
- number of workers decline→ wage rise→ encourage workers to have larger families→ REPEAT
- raising wages would be pointless bc it would accomplish little but repeat in this cycle
5
Q
John Stuart Mill
A
- 1806-1873
- argued for an absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on all subjects that needed to be protected from both gov censorship and the tyranny of the majority
- supporter of women’s rights
- On the Subjection of Women (wrote with his wife, Harriet Taylor)
- subordination of other sex was wrong
- differences between men and women were not due to differences in nature but to social practices
- with equal education, women could achieve as much as men
6
Q
nationalism
A
-
7
Q
socialism
A
- human cooperation was superior to the competition that characterized early industrial capitalism
- product of political theorists or intellectuals who wanted to introduce equality in to social conditions
8
Q
utopian socialism
A
- favored equality in social and economic conditions and wished to replace private property and competition with collective ownership and cooperation
- against private property and competitive spirit of early industrial capitalism
- thought of a better environment for humanity could be achieved
- kinda unrealistic
9
Q
Charles Fourier
A
- 1772-1838
- proposed the creation of small model communities called phalanstery
10
Q
phalanstery
A
- self containing cooperatives, each consisting ideally of 1,620 ppl) → ppl in there live together and work together for mutual benefit
- work assignments would be rotated frequently to relieve workers from undesirable tasks
- unable to find financial backing for this→ untested
11
Q
Robert Owen
A
- 1771-1858
- British cotton manufacturer; believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment
- New Lanark, Scotland= successful in transforming a squalid factory into a flourishing, healthy community
- women’s rights
12
Q
Louis Blanc
A
- 1813-1882
- Frenchman; social problems could be solved by gov assistance
- called for the establishment of workshops that would manufacture goods for public sale
- tate would finance these workshops, but the workers would own and operate them
- women believed that reordering society would help women
13
Q
Flora Tristan
A
- 1803-1844
- utopian socialist; attempted to foster a utopian synthesis of socialism and feminism
- preached the need for the liberation of women
- advocated the application of Fourier’s ideas to reconstruct both family and work
- thought that absolute equality was the only hope to free the working class and transform civilization
- ignored
14
Q
The July Ordianances
A
- Charles X–> July 26, 1830
- imposed rigid censorship on the press, dissolved the legislative assembly, and reduced the electorate in preparation for new elections
15
Q
The July Revolution
A
- July 1830
- barricades in paris; provisional gov led by a group of moderate, propertied liberals was formed and appealed to Louis-Philippe to become constitutional king of France→ new monarchy
16
Q
Louis-Philippe
A
-1830-1848
-duke of Orleans, cousin of Charles X; became new constitutional king of France after July Revolution
-called the bourgeoisie monarch bc political support for his rule came from upper middle class
-dressed like middle class
-constitutional changes that favored interests of the upper bourgeoisie were instituted
reduced financial -qualifications for voting but still high (only wealthy ppl)
17
Q
The Party of Movement
A
- led by Adolphe Thiers; favored ministerial responsible, the pursuit of an active foreign policy, and limited expansion of franchise
18
Q
The Party of Resistance
A
- led by Francois Guizot; believed that France had finally reached the perfect form of gov and needed no further institutional changes
- after 1840; the Party of Resistance dominated the Chamber of Deputies; Guizot cooperated with Louis-Philippe in suppressing ministerial responsibility and pursuing a policy favoring the interests of the wealthier manufacturers and tradesppl
19
Q
The Reform Act of 1832
A
- gave recognition to the changes wrought in British life by the Industrial Revolution
- disenfranchised 56 rotten boroughs and enfranchised 42 new towns and cities and reapportioned others
- gave new industrial urban cities some voice in gov
- property qualification for voting
- primarily benefited the upper-middle class
- didn’t change House of Commons
20
Q
The Poor Law of 1834
A
- based on the theory that giving aid to the poor and unemployed only encouraged laziness and increased the number of paupers
- tried to fix this by making paupers so wretched they would choose to work
- those unable to support themselves were crowded together in workhouses where living and working conditions were intentionally miserable so that ppl would be encouraged to find profitable employment
