Unit 7 : Development Modules 45-48 Flashcards
Embryo
Developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization until second month
- form takes shape, heartbeat develops
- inner cells - embryo
- outer cells - placenta
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by pregnant woman heavy drinking. Causes small out of proportion heads and abnormal facial features
Fetus
Developing human organism from 2 months to birth
- 25 - 27 week baby more chance of survival
Maturation
sequential, biological growth process uninfluenced by experience.
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience (sets basic course of dev.)
- sit up → stand up → walk → run
- thinking → memory → language
- frontal lobe develops last
Nature nurture debate
How genetic inheritance (nature) interacts with our experiences (nurture) to influence development
Rooting reflex
Touch to baby cheek; they turn toward the touch and open mouth
Teratogens
harmful chemicals and viruses for the child - alcohol - smoking - drugs (meds + bad) - radiation - fish -caffeine “Monster maker” agents; chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo/fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
zygote
fertilized egg
- rapid cell division
- becomes embryo when zygote attaches to uterus wall
sucking reflex
automatically suck on nipple
Babinski reflex
stroke bottom of foot, toes flare out
schema
concept/framework to organize info
- incomplete added to when we experience things
assimilation
interpret new experiences with existing schemas
- dog → sees wolf → call it “dog”
accommodation
adapt or adjust schemas to new info
sensorimotor stage
birth to 2 yo
explore through senses and actions (look, hear, touch, mouth)
object permanence
awareness that things continue to exist even when not seen
- out of sight out of mind
preoperational stage
2- ~6/7 yo
- symbolic thinking
child learns language + numbers, but does not use logic (imagining an action reversing it)
stranger anxiety
fear of faces you are not familiar with (~8 mo)
palmer reflex
press on ball of foot, toes curl in
Moro reflex
startled, arms flare/thrash
albert bandura
Observation learning, sees parents doing something does the same
Concrete operational stage
6/7 - 11 yo
mental operations enable to think logically about concrete events
Egocentrism
difficulty of children to take others POV (close eyes and say “you cant see me” because the child doesn’t see anything
theory of mind
predict behavior based on others viewpoints
concervation
like mass, volume, and number remains the same even through changes in object
formal operational
~12 - adult
people being to think logically about abstract concepts
abstract/hypothetical thinking
what if / then
make your own right vs right because of viewpoints, not because someone said so
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
in childhood, marked by difficulties in communication and social interaction, rigidly fixed interest, repetitive behaviors
Lev Vygotsky
says that children can learn mental abilities younger than Piaget due to their environment through getting help from others
attachment
emotional tie/bond w/ another person (commonly with caregiver)
Adolescence
transitional stage from puberty to adult
Harry Harlow
Experiment with monkeys and how children look more for warmth than food
critical period
optimal period early in life of an organism when exposed to certain stimuli / experiences produces normal development
imprinting
Konrad Lorenz
certain animals form strong attachment during early life critical period
- hard to reverse
- duckies following the person they first see (commonly mom)
secure attachment
mother present ➔ comfortable play
mom leaves ➔ distress
mom returns ➔ seeks contact
insecure attachment
anxiety/ avoiding trusting relationships. children dont explore
mom leaves ➔ crying or dont care
Insecure avoidant : doesn’t have reconnection w/ mom, avoid her soothing attempts, no return to play
Insecure anxious : continue to cry when reconnected w/ mom, doesn’t return to play, rejects toys
temperatment
basic trust
sense that the world is predictable + trust worthy; formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
Erik Erikson
Basic trust, and how attachments assist motivation and foundation of parent or romantic relationships
Moral reasoning
how people think about right and wrong
Self concept vs self esteem
all thought and feelings about oneself
- answers “Who am I?”
- developed ~12 yo
a person’s overall subjective sense of personal worth or value
authoritarian parenting
Diana Baumrind
parents impose riles and expect obedience
- “because i said so”
- lower self esteem + social skills
authoritative parenting
Diana Baumrind
both demanding and responsive. Set rules and enforces, explain reason behind rules and encourage discussions in order to place rules and expectations
- high self esteem + social skills
permissive parenting
Diana Baumrind
parents submit to childs desires, little demands and punishment
- aggressive and immature
Zone of proximal development
Things you cant do by yourself
➥ things you can do with help
➥ things you can do by yourself
X and Y chromosome
XX = female XY = male (can only be given by father)
Intimacy
deep relationships can be formed
- parental, social, romantic
isolation
people don’t foster relationships, and socially isolate themselves, leading to feelings of loneliness.
Symbolic thinking
preoperational
ability to think about objects and events that are not within the immediate environment (language
- santa as a symbol of seasonal celebration
Developmental psychology
Physical, cognitive, and social changes through life
Habituatation
Decrease in responding with repeated stimulation
Jean piaget
- cognitive dev psych
- stages of cognitive development
