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AP Psychology > Unit 3 : Learning > Flashcards

Unit 3 : Learning Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

Acquiring new and enduring info/behavior

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2
Q

habituation

A

Organisms reduce response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

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3
Q

classical conditional

A

Associate 2 stimuli and anicipate response

Lighting comes with thunder

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4
Q

associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together like conditioning or responses / concequences in operant conditioning

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5
Q

stimulus

A

Any event / stimulation that evokes a response

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6
Q

operant conditioning

A

Associate response with concequences. Learn good results and repeat them and avoid bad ones

Behavior is strenthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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7
Q

cognitive learning

A

Acquisititation of mental info, whether by observing events, watching others, through language (look and learn)

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8
Q

behaviorism

A

Should be objective
Study behavior without reference to mental processes
(Agree with 1 not 2)

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9
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

Classical conditioning where stimulus that elicts no response before conditioning

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10
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

Unlearned naturally occuring response (salivation) to an unconditional stimulus (food in mouth)

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11
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

Stimulus that is unconditioned, naturally and automatically triggers a response

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12
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

Originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with US comes to trigger CR

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13
Q

acquisition

A

Linkage of NS and US so that the NS begins triggering the CR. In operant conditioning the strengthening of a reinforced response

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14
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

Tge CS in one conditioning experiment is paired with a new NS creating a 2nd weaker CR

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15
Q

extinction

A

Diminishing of CR, occurs in CC when US does not follow CS. Occurs in OC when a respoinse is no longer reinforced

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16
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished CR (supressed but not eliminated)

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17
Q

gerneralization

A

Response for similar stimuli as CS to have similar responses

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18
Q

discrimination

A

Learned ability to distinguish between CS (predicts US) and other irrelevent stimuli

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19
Q

law of effect

A

Thorndike; behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behavior followed by unfacorable concequences becomes less likely

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20
Q

operant chamber

A

Skinner box; bar and key that an animal can manipulate to obtqain a food/water reinforcer

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21
Q

reinforcement

A

Any event that strengthens behavior it folloes

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22
Q

shaping

A

Reinforcers guide behavior towards closer and closer desired behavior

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23
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

Stimulus that becomes a response after association with reinforcement

(Ex: dad talks on the phone and allows candy, when no phone call no candy)

24
Q

positive reinforcement

A

Increase behavior by presenting positive reinforcers which strengthen behavior

25
Q

negative reinforcement

A

Increase behavior by stopping reducing a stimuli. Removal is also a reinforcer

26
Q

primary reinforcer

A

Reinforcer that satisfies biological needs

27
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

Stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer aka secondary reinforcer

28
Q

reinforcement schedules

A

Pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

29
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

30
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

Reinforcing response only part of the time, slower acquisition of response and higher resistance to extinction

31
Q

fixed-ration schedule

A

Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

32
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Like fishing

33
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (hungry child shaking jello more)

34
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (checking email/SNS)

35
Q

punishment

A

Event that tend to decrease the behavior that it follows

Child burned from hot stove

36
Q

respondent behavior

A

Occurs as automatic response to stimulus

37
Q

operant behavior

A

Operates on the environment produces concequences

38
Q

taste aversion

A

Associate nausea with something you ate recently and avoid it

39
Q

cognitive map

A

Edward Tolmans; Mental representation of the layout of ones environment

40
Q

latent learning

A

Learning that occurs but is not seen until there is a need to demonstrate it

41
Q

insight

A

Sudden realization of a problems solution

42
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

Desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

43
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

Desire to perform behvaior to receive promised reward/avoid punishment

44
Q

coping

A

Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, behavioral methods

45
Q

problem-focused coping

A

Attempting to alleviate stress by changing the stressor / the way we interact with that stressor

46
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding/ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to ones stress reaction

47
Q

learned helplessness

A

Hopelessness and passive resignation an animal/human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

48
Q

external locus of control

A

Perception that chance/outside forces beyong out control determin fate

49
Q

internal locus of control

A

Perception that you control your fate

50
Q

self control

A

Ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long term rewards

51
Q

observational learning

A

Leabing by observing others (social learning)

52
Q

modeling

A

Observing and imitating a specific behavior

53
Q

mirror neurons

A

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions/ when observing another doing so (enables imitatipon and empathy)

54
Q

prosocial behavior

A

Positive constructive, helpful behavior

55
Q

Conditioned response

A

Learned response to previous neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

56
Q

Overjustification

A

Excessive rewards that destroy intrinsic motivation

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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