Unit 3 : Learning Flashcards
learning
Acquiring new and enduring info/behavior
habituation
Organisms reduce response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
classical conditional
Associate 2 stimuli and anicipate response
Lighting comes with thunder
associative learning
Learning that certain events occur together like conditioning or responses / concequences in operant conditioning
stimulus
Any event / stimulation that evokes a response
operant conditioning
Associate response with concequences. Learn good results and repeat them and avoid bad ones
Behavior is strenthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
cognitive learning
Acquisititation of mental info, whether by observing events, watching others, through language (look and learn)
behaviorism
Should be objective
Study behavior without reference to mental processes
(Agree with 1 not 2)
neutral stimulus (NS)
Classical conditioning where stimulus that elicts no response before conditioning
unconditioned response (UR)
Unlearned naturally occuring response (salivation) to an unconditional stimulus (food in mouth)
unconditioned stimulus (US)
Stimulus that is unconditioned, naturally and automatically triggers a response
conditioned stimulus
Originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with US comes to trigger CR
acquisition
Linkage of NS and US so that the NS begins triggering the CR. In operant conditioning the strengthening of a reinforced response
higher-order conditioning
Tge CS in one conditioning experiment is paired with a new NS creating a 2nd weaker CR
extinction
Diminishing of CR, occurs in CC when US does not follow CS. Occurs in OC when a respoinse is no longer reinforced
spontaneous recovery
Reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished CR (supressed but not eliminated)
gerneralization
Response for similar stimuli as CS to have similar responses
discrimination
Learned ability to distinguish between CS (predicts US) and other irrelevent stimuli
law of effect
Thorndike; behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behavior followed by unfacorable concequences becomes less likely
operant chamber
Skinner box; bar and key that an animal can manipulate to obtqain a food/water reinforcer
reinforcement
Any event that strengthens behavior it folloes
shaping
Reinforcers guide behavior towards closer and closer desired behavior
discriminative stimulus
Stimulus that becomes a response after association with reinforcement
(Ex: dad talks on the phone and allows candy, when no phone call no candy)
positive reinforcement
Increase behavior by presenting positive reinforcers which strengthen behavior
negative reinforcement
Increase behavior by stopping reducing a stimuli. Removal is also a reinforcer
primary reinforcer
Reinforcer that satisfies biological needs
conditioned reinforcer
Stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer aka secondary reinforcer
reinforcement schedules
Pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Reinforcing response only part of the time, slower acquisition of response and higher resistance to extinction
fixed-ration schedule
Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
variable-ratio schedule
Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Like fishing
fixed-interval schedule
Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (hungry child shaking jello more)
variable-interval schedule
Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (checking email/SNS)
punishment
Event that tend to decrease the behavior that it follows
Child burned from hot stove
respondent behavior
Occurs as automatic response to stimulus
operant behavior
Operates on the environment produces concequences
taste aversion
Associate nausea with something you ate recently and avoid it
cognitive map
Edward Tolmans; Mental representation of the layout of ones environment
latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not seen until there is a need to demonstrate it
insight
Sudden realization of a problems solution
intrinsic motivation
Desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
Desire to perform behvaior to receive promised reward/avoid punishment
coping
Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, behavioral methods
problem-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress by changing the stressor / the way we interact with that stressor
emotion-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding/ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to ones stress reaction
learned helplessness
Hopelessness and passive resignation an animal/human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
external locus of control
Perception that chance/outside forces beyong out control determin fate
internal locus of control
Perception that you control your fate
self control
Ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long term rewards
observational learning
Leabing by observing others (social learning)
modeling
Observing and imitating a specific behavior
mirror neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions/ when observing another doing so (enables imitatipon and empathy)
prosocial behavior
Positive constructive, helpful behavior
Conditioned response
Learned response to previous neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
Overjustification
Excessive rewards that destroy intrinsic motivation