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AP Psychology > Unit 1 : > Flashcards

Unit 1 : Flashcards

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1
Q

Structuralism

A

WUndt and Titchener; uses introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

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2
Q

Prescientific Psychology

A

Socrates and Plato believed that the knowledge we now we were born with

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3
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Knowledge comes from experience and science should rely on observation and experimentation

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4
Q

John Locke

A

Humans are born with a blank state.

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

William James through influence of Charles Darwin

Explored how mental and behavioral processes function and allow organisms to adapt, survive, and flourish

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6
Q

William James

A

Functionalist, introspection; Explored emotions, memories, habits, and consciousness

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7
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

First APA president

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8
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

First female to earn Ph.D in psych, second female president and wrote “Animal Mind”

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9
Q

Experimental Psychology

A

Study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

Philip Zimbardo

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10
Q

Edward Titchener

A

Structuralist; backed up Margaret Washburn, wrote “Principles of Psychology”,

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11
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Psychoanalysis; emotional responses to childhood experiences and unconscious thought process + effects on behavior

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12
Q

Scientific study of observable behavior

A

1920s; Flamboyant, Watson, Skinner

Only observes behaviors not feelings or thoughts

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13
Q

Behaviorism

A

Psychology should be an objective science and should study behavior w/o interference to mental processes.

behaviors are acquired through conditioning, and conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment

Today agree with 1 not 2

Pavlov, Watson, Thornedike

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14
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

Emphasis of growth potential of healthy people
—> environment influences and importance of love and acceptance

Carl Rogers and Maslow

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15
Q

Cognitive psychology / approach

A

Explores how we perceive, process, and remember info

Jean Piaget

New ways to understand ourselves and treat disorders

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16
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

Brain activity linked with cognition (perception, thinking, memory, language)

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17
Q

Psychology

A

Science of behavior (smiling, blinking, sweating, talking) and mental processes (thinking, sensations, perceptions, dreams, beliefs)

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18
Q

Nature-nurture issue

A

Genetic vs environmental contributions to development of traits and behaviors

Aristotle : “all comes through senses”
Locke : “we are born with a blank state”
Descartes : “some is inborn, most is not” (EXPERIMENT SUPPORTED)

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19
Q

Natural selection

A

Those animals that continue to survive and reproduce will pass on their traits to future gens.

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20
Q

Levels of analysis

A

Different groups complementary views, from bio, psych, and social culture to analyze any phenomenon.

—> biopsychosocial

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21
Q

Biopsychosocial

A

Interaction between biology, psychology, and social-culture factors

Each is important; do not look at seperately

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22
Q

Behavioral perspective w/ anger

A

Any trigger angry responses / aggressive acts

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23
Q

Biological perspective

A

Study heredity and experience influence our differences

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24
Q

Cognitive pers

A

Study of anger and how it affects thinking

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25
Q

Evolutionary pers

A

Anger facilitated the survival of our ancestors; genes

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26
Q

Humanistic pers

A

How angry feelings affect someone’s potential growth

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27
Q

Psychodynamic/ psychoanalytic perspective

A

Views outbursts as an outlet for unconscious hostility

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28
Q

Social-culture pers

A

Focus on how anger varies in different cultures

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29
Q

Behavioral psychology

A

Observable behaviors and its explanation by principles of learning

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30
Q

Biological psychology

A

Link between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes

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31
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

All mental activities associated with thought, knowledge, memory, and communication

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32
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Study of evolution of behavior and mind, using natural selection

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33
Q

Psychodynamic psychology

A

Studies unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that info to treat people with psych disorders

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34
Q

Social- culture psych

A

Study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

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35
Q

Psychometrics

A

Study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

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36
Q

Basic research

A

Pure science aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

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37
Q

Development psych

A

Study physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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38
Q

Educational psych

A

Study of how psychology processes influence teaching and learning

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39
Q

Personality psych

A

Individuals characteristics, pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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40
Q

Social psych

A

How we think about, influence, and relate to each other

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41
Q

Applied research

A

Study that aims to solve practical problems

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42
Q

Industrial-organization psych

A

Application of psych concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces

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43
Q

Human factors psychologist

A

Subfield of I/O, explores how people and machines interact and how the environment can be made safe and easy to use

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44
Q

Counseling psych

A

Assists people with problems in living (school, work relationship) and achieving greater well-being

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45
Q

Clinical psychology

A

Assesses and treats people with psych disorders

46
Q

Psychiatry

A

Medicine dealing with psych disorders, physicians provide medical treatment and psych therapy

47
Q

Positive psych

A

discover and promote strengths that help individuals and communities thrive

48
Q

Community psych

A

how people interact its their social environment and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.

49
Q

Hindsight bias

A

To believe, after knowing the outcome, that you would have foreseen it

“I knew it all along”

50
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tend to be more confident rather than correct

51
Q

Perceiving order in random events

A

Humans inclined to perceive patterns that may not even have one.

Leads to overestimation of human intuition

52
Q

Curiosity

A

Wanted feeling to explore and understand without being mislead.

Scientists need to be doubtful before believing

53
Q

Critical thinking

A

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions, but examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluated evidence and assesses conclusions

54
Q

Theory

A

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Have to be put to a test, can be a useful summary

55
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction often implied by a theory

56
Q

Operational definition

A

Carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

INCLUDE SPECIFIC MEASUREMENTS AND VARIABLES

57
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding is generalized (extends to other participants and circumstances)

58
Q

Reliable

A

When the study has similar results across multiple experiments

59
Q

Correlational studies

A

Use different factors and variables (movement of two variables together), can show correlation, but not cause and effect

60
Q

Experiments

A

Manipulate a variable and discover their effects, can show cause and effect and explains behavior

61
Q

Case study

A

Analysis of specific individual(s) in depth
Gathering data as an experiment wouldn’t working because its unethical

Can be hard to generalize if an abnormal example is present, people are all different

62
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Watching and recording the natural behavior of many individuals without interfering

Real world data, change in behavior if they are being watched

DESCRIBES NOT EXPLAINS

63
Q

Observer effect

A

People or animals behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed

64
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Perception of a relationship where none actually exists

65
Q

Population

A

Group of people being studied

66
Q

Survey

A

self reported attitudes or behaviors of a group, acquired by questioning a sample of the group

Questionnaire to get info

67
Q

Sampling bias

A

Flawed sampling procese that produces an unrepresentable sample

68
Q

Random sample

A

Sample that fairly represents a pop because each member has an equal chance of inclusion (random selection)

Larger representative samples > small representative samples > large unrepresentable samples

69
Q

Wording effect

A

How a question is prompted to the person, can result in differences in answers

70
Q

Correlate

A

Measure of the extent to which 2 variables change together, shows how well either variable predicts the other

71
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Statistical index of the relationship between 2 variables (from -1.0 to 1.0)

LOOK AT NATURALLY OCCURING RELATIONSHIPS

72
Q

Scatter plots

A

Graphed cluster of dots, represents value of 2 variables/ values. Slop shows direction (+ / -) amount of scatter suggests strength of correlation

73
Q

Perfect Positive correlation

A

Both values both up together (+1.0)

Closer moves to +1.00 the stronger the correlation

DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION

74
Q

No relationship

A

Dots have no pattern

0.00

75
Q

Perfect Negative correlation

A

One variable moves up one moves down
(-1.00)

Closer to -1.00 the stronger the correlation

DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION

76
Q

Experiment

A

Research method where factors can be manipulated in order to observe the effect on some behavioral or mental processes.

Random assignment of participants aims to control the confounding variables

LOOK AT EFFECTS

77
Q

Experimental group

A

Group exposed to treatment in an experiment (independent variable)

78
Q

Control group

A

Group that does not receive treatment; contrasting with the exp group serving as a comparison to evaluate the experiment

79
Q

Random assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental or control groups by chance, minimizing pre-existing differences between different groups

80
Q

Double blind procedure

A

Experiment procedure where nether the participant more researching staff know if the participants received the treatment or placebo

Commonly used in drug evaluation

Avoids observer bias

81
Q

Single blind study

A

Only the participants dont know which group they were assigned to

82
Q

Observer bias

A

Researchers expectations, beliefs, feelings influence what they perceive and record for the study

83
Q

Placebo effect

A

Results that can come due to expectations alone, any effect that seems to change behavior the recipient thinks its the drug

84
Q

Independent variable

A

Factor in experiment that is manipulated

What is being studies

85
Q

Confounding variables

A

Outside Factors that can produce an effect on the experiment

86
Q

Dependent variable

A

Outcome factor; can change in response to manipulations of IV

87
Q

Validity

A

Experiment measures, predicts, tests what it is supposed to.

88
Q

Difference significance

A

When avg from 2 samples are each reliable measures of representative pops then difference is likely reliable as well

When sample avg is large, means difference between them reflects real diff in a pop

89
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Measures describes and summarizes our data like central tendency and variation

90
Q

Histogram

A

A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

91
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

Mode
Mean
Median
Skewed distribution

92
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently seen score in a distribution

93
Q

Mean

A

Average of a distribution

Add then divide by # of scores

94
Q

Median

A

Middle score when put in numerical order, half below and half above

95
Q

Skewed distribution

A

Representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

96
Q

Measures of variation

A

Range

Standard deviation

97
Q

Range

A

Highest - lowers

98
Q

Standard deviation

A

Avg distance from mean

99
Q

Outliers

A

Score way high or way low

Impacts the mean, better to look at median

100
Q

Positively skewed distribution

A

Outliers have pulled the mean to the right, outliers are extremely high

101
Q

Negatively skewed distribution

A

Outliers have pulled mea to the left, outliers are extremely low

102
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

Takes place over a long period of time

103
Q

Standard variation

A

Avg off how scores differ from mean

Large bell curves = scores vary and are not similar

Small bell curves = scores are tight together and similar

68% fall between 1 deviation
95% fall between 2 standard deviation

104
Q

Normal curve

A

Normal distribution, symmetrical curve , scores fall between 68% in 1st deviation

105
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Numerical data that allows to generalize probability of something being true of a pop.

106
Q

Statistical significance

A

Statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
P≤.05
Results are less than 5% due to chance
Cannot generalize results if not present

107
Q

Culture

A

Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people that gets passed down to gens.

108
Q

Ethical guidelines

A
  1. Have to get approval from IRB
  2. Informed consent
  3. Debriefing
  4. Confidentiality
  5. Protection from mental, physical, and emotional harm
  6. Only experiment on animals and harm animals if it benefits humans
109
Q

Informed consent

A

Inform participants about the study, ability to withdraw any time

110
Q

Debriefing

A

After exp is over reveal the results including possible deception.

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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