Unit 10 : Social Psychology Modules 74-80 Flashcards
Social psychology
Study of how people are influenced and relate to one another, less focus on self, and behavior is shaped by situations
Attribution theory
Explain someone’s behavior by crediting the situation or the persons despositions
Fundamental attribution error
Analyzing other and underestimating the impact of the situation and overestimating the impact if personal disposition
->impact our attitudes and how we treat them
Dispositional attribution
Explains behavior as a result of their personality/personal disposition
Situational attribution
Behavior influenced by situations,
-> with our selves we see the situation of behavior, but not with others
Self serving bias
Tend to see ourselves favorably
Peripheral route
Influenced by incidental, outside factors; celebrity endorsement (fast results)
Central route
Persuade using thoughts, evidence, arguments, challenge human thinking (more durable)
Foot-in-the-door
Tendency for people to agree to bigger requests after first agreeing to smaller requests
Door-in-the-face
Start off with mega risk request to soften the request that you initially want to ask.
Role playing
Philip Zimbardos and Stanford Prison Experiment
- > participants assigned to roles. : prisoner or guard
- > the more they act like the role, the more they adopted the attitudes of the role
Role
Set of norms and expectations about a position
Cognitive dissonance
Leon Fetinger
- > sometimes actions and attitudes do not match which causes discomfort
- > in order to reduce discomfort, change attitudes / our actions
Ex : best friend-views them as “good” —> “good” person does something you view as morally wrong
-> change attitude towards the person or change moral views
Chameleon effect
Humans unconsciously imitate others expressions, posture, and voice tone
Conformity study
Solomon Asch
Experiment with lines
Going against a group/social norm-discomfort-feel pressure to conform
More likely to conform when a group is in unison Feel insecure Admire group Group is at least 3 people or more Know we are being observed No prior commitment to an answer
Normative social influence
Conform to gain approval or avoid rejection/disapproval
Informative social influence
Conform due to willingness to accept another’s truth
Obedience Study
Stanley Milgram
- > inspired by WW2 and Nazi and how they were obedient even during Holocaust
- > experiment included teachers (shockers) and students (shocked) if wrong answers were given the student would get a shock and the voltage would increase
Obedience is more likely when
- > person giving orders is an authority figure
- > supported by prestigious institutions
- > victim is depersonalized / at a distance
- > no role models for defiance
Social facilitation
Improved performance on a simple / well-learned tasks in the presence of others, but more difficult tasks seem impossible (arouses)
Social loafing
People put in less effort when putting efforts together than when individually responsible (diminishes)
Deindividualism
Loss of self-awareness and self restraint occurring in. Group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Group polarization
Arguments become more intense during discussion throughout the group
Groupthink
desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternative thinking
Social control
Power of the situation
Personal control
Control of the individual
Minority influence
Power of one or two individuals that can sway majorities if they are firm
Culture
Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Norm
An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior.
Norms prescribe “proper” and transmitted from one generation to the next
Prejudice
Unjustifiable and negative attitude toward a group. Includes stereotypes, negative feelings, and discrimination
Stereotype
Generalized beliefs about a group of people
Enthnocentrism
Assuming the superiority of ones ethnic group
Discrimination
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and it’s members
Just world phenomenon
People believe the world is just and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Social identities
Definition of who we are in terms of our groups
Ingroup
“Us”- people with whom we share a common identity
Outgroup
“Then”- those perceived as different and apart from our ingroup
Ingroup bias
Tendency to favor our group over the other group
Scapegoat theory
Prejudice offers outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Other race effect
Recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races
Aggression
Any physical/verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
Frustration-aggression principle
Frustration due to the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal which creates anger, which can generate aggression.
Aggressive replacement program
Help diminish aggressiveness with better reinforcement
Social script
Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
Proximity
Geographic nearness
Mere exposure effect
Reappeared exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Reward theory of attraction
We like those who’s behavior is rewarding to us and continue relationships that offer more benefits to us than costs
Passionate love
Aroused state of intense dopamine levels at the start of a love relationship
Two factor theory in emotions
Emotions require physical arousal and cognitive appraisal. Arousal from anywhere can enhance these emotions depending oh how we would label and interpret them.
Companionate love
Deep affection attachment we feel for those who are in our life, oxytocin
Equity
Condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give
Self disclosure
Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Bystander effect
Bystanders are less likely to help if other bystanders are present
Diffusion of responsibility
Sharing of responsibility makes every single person become less likely to help
Cost benefit analysis
Maximize rewards, and minimize cost
Reciprocity norm
Expectation that people will help those who have helped them
Social exchange theory
Social behavior that aims to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Social responsibility norm
Expecting that people will help those needing their help
Conflict
Perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
Social trap
People pursue self-interest rather than the good of the group
Mirror image perception
Mutual views held by conflicting people, each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful, while the other is evil and aggressive
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Superordinate goals
Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
GRIT
Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction; strategy designed to decrease international tensions
Overt prejudice
Outwardly, and verbal expression, lower in #
Subtle prejudice
Internal, automatic preferences, higher in #
Blame-the victim dynamic
Caused by the just-world phenomenon
