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AP Psychology > Unit 2 : > Flashcards

Unit 2 : Flashcards

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1
Q

biological psychology

A

Study of links between biological (genetics, nerves, and hormones) and psychological processes

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2
Q

neuron

A

A nerve cell, basic building block of nervous system

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3
Q

dendrites

A

Neurons bushy, receives messages and conduct impulses toward cell body

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4
Q

axon

A

Fibers that pass the message through terminal branches to other neurons, muscles, and glands

Dendrites listen, axon speak

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5
Q

myelin shealth

A

Layer of fatty tissue that insulates + speeds their impulses

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6
Q

action potential

A

Brief electrical charge which travels down axon (impulse)

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7
Q

refractory period

A

Period of inactivity after neuron is fired, pumps sodium ions back outside

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8
Q

threshold

A

Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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9
Q

all-or-non response

A

Neurons reaction of either firing (w full strength) or not. (Doesn’t affect strength or speed, but the amount of neurons fired)

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10
Q

synapse

A

Junction/ gap between axon tip (send) and dendrite cell body (receive)

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11
Q

neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers cross synaptic gap between neurons. Influence if neutral impulse will be generated

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12
Q

reuptake

A

Neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron

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13
Q

endorphins

A

Natural neurotransmitters liked to pain and pleasure

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14
Q

agonist

A

Molecule that binds and stimulates a response

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15
Q

antagonists

A

Molecule that binds and blocks response

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16
Q

nervous system

A

Body’s speedy electrochemical communication with nerves between peripheral and central nervous sustems

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17
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal chord

Body’s decision maker

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18
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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19
Q

nerves

A

Electrical cables formed of bundles of axons, link the CNS with body’s sensory receptors, muscles and glands

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20
Q

sensory neurons

A

Neurons that carry incoming info from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal chord

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21
Q

motor neurons

A

Carry outgoing info from brain and spinal chord to muscles and glands

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22
Q

interneurons

A

Neurons within the brain and spinal chord that communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

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23
Q

somatic nervous system

A

PNS; controls body’s skeletal muscles (skeletal nervous system)

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24
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

PNS; controls glands and muscles of internal organs (controlled by sympathetic/parasympathetic)

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25
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

ANS; arouses body, mobilizing it’s energy in stressful situations

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26
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

ANS; calms the body

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27
Q

reflex

A

Simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus

Knee-jerk response

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28
Q

endocrine system

A

Slow chemical communication that secretes hormones through bloodstream

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29
Q

hormones

A

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine system, travel through bloodstream

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30
Q

adrenal glands

A

Endocrine glands that sit above kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine/adrenaline and norepinephrine/noradrenaline), help arouse body in stressful times

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31
Q

pituitary gland

A

Most influential gland, under hypothalamus influence. Influences growth and endocrine glands

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32
Q

lesion

A

Tissue destruction, occurs naturally or experimentsllh

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33
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across brains surface

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34
Q

CT (computed tomography) scan

A

X-ray photographs taken at different angles and combined together to represent a slice of the brains structure

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35
Q

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

A

Visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

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36
Q

MRI (Magnetic Resonance imaging)

A

Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue

Shoes brain anatomy

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37
Q

fMRI (functionalMRI)

A

Reveals blood flow and brain activity by comparison

Show structure and function

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38
Q

brainstem

A

Automatic survival functions

Connects spinal cord to brain

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39
Q

medulla

A

Controls breathing and heartbeat

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40
Q

thalamus

A

Control center; sorts and sends out to proper brain area

Smell is not processed

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41
Q

reticular formation

A

Nerve network that travels through brainstem and thalamus

Controls arousal, if damaged permanent state of sleep

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42
Q

cerebellum

A

Little brain, rear of balance and muscle movement

Enabling nonverbal learning and memory

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43
Q

limbic system

A

Neural system (amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus) with emotions and drives

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44
Q

amygdala

A

Fear and aggression

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45
Q

hypothalamus

A

Governs endocrine system, regulates body temp, hunger, and thirst

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46
Q

cerebral cortex

A

Wrinkly matter, thin surface layer on brain

Divided into association areas (lobes)

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47
Q

glial cells

A

Nervous system that supports, nourishes, and protects neurons

Glue cells

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48
Q

occipital lobes

A

Visual processing
Visual cortex
Contains feature detectors like edges, lines, angles, shapes

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49
Q

frontal lobes

A

Speaking, muscle movement

Prefrontal cortex
making plans and good judgement, moral reasoning, guilt and remorse

50
Q

parietal lobes

A

Sensory processing through senses (SENSORY CORTEX/SEMOTOSENSORY)

Touch body position (KINESTHESIA)

51
Q

temporal lobe

A

Hearing

Facial recognition RIGHT SIDE ONLY prospoagnesia (face blindness) if damaged

52
Q

motor cortex

A

In frontal cortex at the back, controls opposite side

Involves muscle movement

53
Q

somatosensory cortex (SENSORY CORTEX)

A

Front of parietal lobe sensory processing

54
Q

association areas

A

Areas of cerebral cortex not involved in primary motor/sensory functions, but involved in mental functions (learning, memory, thinking, speech)

55
Q

plasticity

A

Brains ability to change esp during childhood by reorganizing after damage/building new pathways based on experiences and adjusting to mishaps

56
Q

neurongensis

A

Formation of new neurons

57
Q

corpus cullosum

A

Middle neuron fibers connecting 2 hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Facial recognition on R goes through CC on L where speech is produced, allows to say who you recognized

58
Q

split brain

A

Surgery that isolates 2 hemispheres by cutting fibers between them (corpus cullusum)

59
Q

consciousness

A

Awareness of oneself and environment

60
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

Study of brain activity linked with mental process

61
Q

behavioral genetics

A

power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

62
Q

environment

A

external influence, from prenatural nutrition’s` to the people and things around

63
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes

64
Q

DNA

A

molecule that contains genetic code and makes up chromosome

65
Q

genes

A

units of heredity that make up chromosomes; segments o DNA capable of synthesizing proteins

66
Q

genome

A

instructions for making an organism

67
Q

identical twins (monozygote)

A

twins who develop from 1 fertilized egg that split in 2, genetically identical organism

68
Q

fraternal twins (dizygote)

A

develop from separate eggs and share fetal environment, no closer than brother and sister

69
Q

molecular genetics

A

studies molecular structure and function of genes

70
Q

interaction

A

interplay when effect of one factor depends on the other (env and heredity)

71
Q

epigenetics

A

study influences on gene expression that occurs without a DNA change

72
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

study evolution of behavior and mind through principles of natural selection

73
Q

natural selection

A

inherited traits contributing to reproduction and survival will be passed down to future gens

74
Q

mutations

A

random error in gene replication leading to change

75
Q

cognition

A

mental processes

76
Q

hypnosis

A

subject responds to hypnotists; possible perceptions, feelings, thoughts, behaviors will occur out of no where

77
Q

posthypnotic suggestion

A

suggestion made during hypnosis, used to help control unwanted symptoms and behaviors

78
Q

dissociation

A

split in consciousness, allows some thoughts and behavior to occur at the same time with others

79
Q

circadian rhythm

A

biological clock; regulates temperature and wakefulness

80
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement; dreams and nightmares, relaxed body inner systems active (paradoxical sleep)

81
Q

alpha waves

A

slow brain waves of relaxed awake state

82
Q

sleep

A

periodic, natural loss of consciousness

83
Q

hallucinations

A

false sensory (visual + auditory stimulus)

84
Q

delta waves

A

large and slow brain waves associated with deep sleep (NREM-3)

85
Q

NREM sleep

A

non rapid eye movement sleep

86
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

cell cluster pair in hypothalamus, contains circadian rhythm. SCH causes pineal gland to adjust melatonin levels depending on light

87
Q

insomnia

A

trouble falling asleep/ staying asleep

88
Q

narcolepsy

A

incontrollable sleep attacks; fall asleep at random times

89
Q

sleep apnea

A

temporarily stop breathing while sleeping

90
Q

night terrors

A

young kids, appear terrified and shrieking

91
Q

dreams

A

images, emotions, and thoughts passing through persons mind, trouble remembering after time

92
Q

manifest content

A

remembered story line of a dream (Freud)

93
Q

latent content

A

underlying meaning of a dream (freud)

94
Q

REM rebound

A

REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprive (created awakenings during REM sleep.)

95
Q

substance use disorder

A

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and physical risk

96
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

chemical substance that alter perception and mood

97
Q

tolerance

A

diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug; requires higher dose for same effect

98
Q

addiction

A

compulsive craving of drugs/ behaviors (like gambling) despite knowing the consequences.

99
Q

withdrawal

A

discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing an addictive drug/behavior

100
Q

depressants

A

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

–> alcohol and heroine

101
Q

alcohol use disorder

A

alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use)

102
Q

barbiturates

A

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety, put impairing memory and judgement

103
Q

opiates

A

opium (morphine and heroine) depress neural activity; temporary lessen anxiety and pain

104
Q

stimulants

A

drugs (caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines) excite neural activity and speed up body functions

105
Q

amphetamines

A

excite neural activity and speed up body functions, associated energy, and mood changes (caffeine and nicotine)

106
Q

nicotine

A

stimulant; stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

107
Q

cocaine

A

stimulant; powerful and addictive stimulant from coca plant, produce temporary increase in alertness and euphoria

108
Q

methamphetamine

A

stimulant; powerful and addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded body functions and associated energy and mood changes; overtime appear to reduce baseline dopamine levels

109
Q

ecstasy (MDMA)

A

mild hallucinogen, produces euphoria and social intimacy. short term health risks and long term harm to serotonin producing neurons and to mood and cognition

110
Q

halluginogens

A

psychedelic (mind manifesting) drugs, distort perceptions and evoke sensory images with no sensory input

111
Q

LSD

A

hallucinogen; aka acid, loss of oxygen and extreme sensory deprivation

112
Q

Near-Death experience

A

altered state pf consciousness reported after a close brush with death (cardiac arrest) similar to drug induced hallucinations

113
Q

THC

A

major active ingredient in marijuana; trigger mild hallucinations and others

114
Q

Dual processing

A

simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

115
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Enables muscle action, learning and memory

Malfunction : Alzheimer’s disease

116
Q

Dopamine

A

Brains natural cocaine, influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion (happy and excited)

Malfunction : schizophrenia and undersupply linked to ADHD

117
Q

Serotonin

A

Closely connected to hypothalamus, affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Malfunction : Undersupply can lead to depression

118
Q

Noremphrephrine

A

Helps control alertness and arousal (interest and reactions)

Malfunction : undersupply can depress mood (flow movement, reactions, and not alert)

119
Q

GABA

A

Major inhibitory neurotransmitters (STOP)

Malfunction : undersupply linked to seizure, tremors, and insomnia

120
Q

Glutamate

A

Excito rey neurotransmitter involved in memory (GO)

121
Q

NREM-1

A

light sleep. 10 min hallucinations, experience of falling, slow breathing (10 min)

122
Q

NREM-2

A

deeper sleep, sleep spindles; burst of rapid brain activity (20 min)

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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