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AP Psychology > Semester 1 (Units 1-5) > Flashcards

Semester 1 (Units 1-5) Flashcards

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1
Q

Modern definition of psychology

A

scientific study of the mind and behavior

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2
Q

Psychiatrist vs a clinical psychologist

A

The difference is that a psychiatrist is a medical doctor, and a clinical psychologist is a doctor who has earned a doctorate in the field of clinical psychology.

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3
Q 
Theoretical perspectives of psychology
Psychodynamic 
Cognitive
Biological
Evolutionary
Humanistic
Structuralism 
Functionalism
A

Psychodynamic : unconscious drives (wishes and fears)
Cognitive : “mental” functions such as memory, perception, attention,
Biological : all thoughts, feeling & behavior ultimately have a biological cause
Evolutionary : cognitive behaviors go through the process of natural selection, how our behaviors evolved over the years
Humanistic : emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses concepts (fulfill potential and well being)
Structuralism : breaking down mental processes into the most basic components (introspection - looking inward)
Functionalism : how mental and behavioral process functions - how they allow the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

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4
Q

John Watson and behaviorism

A

view that psych should be objective that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. He created it

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5
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

watching and recording the natural behavior of many individuals

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6
Q

case study and when its used

A
  • examine a group of people in depth
  • can show what can happen
  • can be misleading because everyone is different
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7
Q

surveys and wording effects

A

asking questions to a large population (sample) to gain info about the groups opinions, feelings, and behavioral tendencies.
wording effects :the way a question is framed can have major effects (like framing)

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8
Q

Correlational research and what its used for

A

when two variables change and depend on each other. Used to find patterns exist between variables

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9
Q

scatterplot and when its used

A
  • graphed cluster of dots that has direction depending if its negative or positive
  • used to observe and show relationships between two numeric variables
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10
Q

Operational definition; what it is and why its used

A

carefully worded statement of exact procedures used in research study, used in order to give direct instructions when recreating the experiment.

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11
Q

Experiments and what they reveal

A
  • research method where variables can be manipulated in order to observe the effect on the processes
  • cause and effect
  • results from experiment are likely not due to chance*
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12
Q

experimental group vs control group

A

group to be exposed to treatment

group that does not receive treatment, served as a comparison

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13
Q

use of random assignment vs random sampling

A

random assignment used in experiments

random sampling : every person has equal chance to be in experiment / control group

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14
Q

use of a placebo

A

results that are based inly on expectations (ex : drinking coffee just from the though of finishing your coffee)

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15
Q

Use of median vs. use of the mean

A

mean : used to average

median : used to determine an approximate average

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16
Q

How to calculate the mean, median, and range

A

mean : add then divide by amount of scores present.
median : middle score where half scores are lower, half are higher (placed in numerical order)
range : difference between lowest and highest scores

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17
Q

Statistical significance and how is it determine

A

how likely that the obtained result is due to chance

P ≤ .05 (5% chance that its due to chance)

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18
Q

ethical guidelines in research

A
  • obtain informed consent
  • no physical / emotional pain
  • confidentiality
  • debrief (summarize)
    deceptions allowed for unbiased info, disclose when done
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19
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messenger that crosses synaptic gap between neurons

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20
Q

interneurons : location and function

A

brain and spinal cord

make decision and reflexes

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21
Q

pituitary gland

A

endocrines most influential gland. under hypothalamus control. regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

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22
Q

amygdala and thalamus

A
  • Enables fear and aggression

- receives info from senses and sorts it in the cortex’s

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23
Q

brocas area

A
  • allows to produce speech
  • L frontal lobe only
  • if damaged cannot produce rational speech called aphasia (loss of ability to understand/express speech due to brain damage)
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24
Q

4 brain lobes : location and functions

A

frontal : behind forehead; speaking, movement, make plans, and judgement
parietal : at top of head; receives sensory input for touch and body position
Temporal : above ears; auditory area, receives info from opposite ear
Occipital : back of head; includes area for receiving info from visual fields

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25
Q

association areas

A

prefrontal cortex : in F lobes enables judgement, planning, processing, + new memories
motor cortex (frontal) : planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements
sensory cortex : receiving and processing sensory information from across the body
brocas area (frontal) : motor speech area (makes speech)
wernickes area (temporal) : comprehension of speech
visual cortex : processes visual information

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26
Q

purpose of glial cells and their location

A

glue cells ; they repair, protect, and nourish cells; central nervous system

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27
Q

split brain patients ; what s being cut out and why

A

cuts fibers in middle because doesnt allow brain hemispheres to talk

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28
Q

brain plasticity

A

brain change by reorganizing/building new pathways after damage and to adjust to mishap

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29
Q

epigenetics

A

study of environment influences on gene expression without a dna change

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30
Q

nature vs nurture controversy

A

relative contributions of genetic inheritance(nature) and environmental factors(nurture) to human development

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31
Q

identical vs fraternal twins

A

identical twins come from one fertilized egg while fraternal come from two fertilized eggs

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32
Q

natural selection

A

inherited traits contributing to reproduction and survival will be passed down to future gens

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33
Q

evolutionary explanations for mating preferences (male and female)

A

women looking for older, stable men who they can build a family with
men looking for younger reproductive females who can birth children

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34
Q

Heritability in general

A

measure of how well differences in people’s genes account for differences in their traits

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35
Q

REM sleep and its functions

A

rapid eye movement ; sleep stage where vivid dreams occur, muscles are relaxed but body systems are active

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36
Q

psychoactive substances : categories and examples

A

depressants : reduce neural activity + slows bodies functions (alcohol + barbiturates)
stimulants : excite neural activity + speed up body functions (caffeine, cocaine, nicotine)
hallucinogens : distort perception and evoke sensory images (marijuana)

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37
Q

tolerance, addiction, and withdrawal

A

tolerance : requiring to take greater doses in order to experience drug affect.
addiction : craving of drug while knowing the consequences
withdrawal : discomfort + distress that follows discontinuing drug usage

37
Q

Top-down processing

A

perception; info process guided by higher level mental processes constructing perceptions by experiences and expectations

38
Q

absolute threshold

A

min stimulation needed to detect particular stimulus 50% of times

39
Q

Difference threshold and webers law

A

min difference between 2 stimuli required fpr detection 50% of the time (taste testers)

stimuli must differ by %, not a pin point number

40
Q

selective attention and inattentional blindness

A

focusing of conscious awareness on particular stimulus (eaves dropping on a conversation in cafeteria)

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

41
Q

order of structures that light passes through in the eye and functions of each structure.

A

Can I Please Learn Reading Faster
cornea : outer, protective layer
Iris : colored muscle around pupil - changes pupil size
Pupil : adjustable opening where light enters
Lens : behind pupil, helps focus light on retina through accommodation
retina : inner surface of eye, contains receptor cells (rods + cones)
Fovea : cones clustered here
Blind Spot : optic nerve leaves the eye, no receptor cells located here
optic nerve : takes neural impulses from eye to brain

42
Q

accommodation in the lens

A

lens changes shape to focus near/far objects on retina

43
Q

young-helmholtz theory vs opponent process theory

A 
retina contains 3 colors (red green blue)
3 opposite pairs (after images)
red/green
black/white
blue/yellow
44
Q

feature detectors (function and location)

A

nerve cells in brain that respond to features of stimulus, shape, angle; in retina

45
Q

parallel processing

A

Processing many aspects of a problem at once (ex sight, smell, and taste)

46
Q

order of structures that sound pass through the ear

A

outer ear ➟ ear canal to eardrum ➟middle ear ➟ inner ear

47
Q

functions of cochlea

A

coiled, fluid filled tube in inner ear. when sound waves travel fluid triggers nerve impulses

48
Q

locating sounds

A

which ear the sound hits first

49
Q

types of hearing loss and treatments

A

sensorineural hearing loss : damage to cochlea’s receptor cells/ auditory nerves, nerve deafness (aging, inborn, loud noise) most common
conduction hearing loss : damage to mechanical system that conducts sound waves to cochlea (eardrum and middle ear bones)

cochlear implant : device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating auditory nerve through cords threaded into cochlea

50
Q

gestalt principles : proximity, closure, figure - ground

A

gestalt : organized whole
proximity : nearness
figure ground : objects (figures) that stand out from surroundings (ground)

51
Q

olfaction sense

A

smell; bottom of frontal, not processed through thalamus

52
Q

touch - where is it processed?

A

sensory neurons, thalamus ➟sensory cortex (parietal cortex)

53
Q

kinesthesis

A

change in position of body part interact with vision; in parietal lobe

54
Q

sea slug experiment and habituation

A

first time responses are strong after it settles down, adaptation

55
Q

pavlovs classical conditioning experiment : identify the UCS, UCR, CS, CR

A

UCS : food
UCR : salivation
CS : tone
CR : salivation

56
Q

extinction vs spontaneous recovery

A

diminishing of CR, occurs when US does not follow CS, in OC when response is not reinforced

reappearance after a pause of a gone CR, suppresses but does not eliminate

57
Q

generalization vs stimulus discrimination

A

response to stimuli similar to CS

learned ability to distinguish between CS and other irrelevant stimuli

58
Q

biological limits on learning

A

you cannot make a human fly

59
Q

B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning

A

response with consequences (learn and repeat good results and avoid bad ones)

60
Q

Shaping and how its done

A

reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer to the desired behavior

61
Q

Negative reinforcement with examples

A

increasing behavior by stopping/reducing stimuli. (snooze on alarm, wear seatbelt to stop beep)

62
Q

Fixed-ration schedule

A

reinforces response after specified number of times (5 coffee= 5$)

63
Q

superstitious behavior - impact on behavior

A

belief in reinforcer + punisher always occurring together (суиверия)

64
Q

intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation and the over justification effect

A

desire to perform behavior for its own sake (interest) ➟ excessive rewards can destroy

desire to perform behavior for outside promised rewards/avoid punishment

65
Q

Internal vs external locus of control

A

internal : you are in control of your own fate

external : outside forces are in control of your fate

66
Q

latent learning and cognitive maps

A

learning that occurs but is not seen until there is a reason to demonstrate it

mental representation of layout of an environment

67
Q

Learned helplessness and how it can develop

A

when you try many times and it does not work so you give up trying

68
Q

Banduras bobo doll experiment and its results

A

children/people observe and perform the same behavior (cognitive learning)

  • social learning theory
  • learning prosocial and antisocial behavior
69
Q

modeling

A

process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

70
Q

mirror neurons

A
  • activate when observing others and them performing these actions
  • located in frontal lobe
71
Q

encoding, storage, and rehearsal

A
  • Processing info into memory (getting memory into brain)
  • Keep and retain the info
  • rehearsing so memory where a person must retrieve info learned earlier (fill in the blank test)
72
Q

short term memory

A

Activated memory. Holds few things briefly (ex phone number youre dialing)

73
Q

automatic processing

A

Info goes into long term memory without conscious processing

74
Q

chunking + examples ; mnemonics + examples

A
  • Organizing info into manageable meaningful units

- Memory aids. Use vivid images and organizational devices like first letters of a sentence

75
Q

echoic vs iconic memory

A
  • Memory associated with sounds and words

- Memory associated with eye sight

76
Q

deep processing w/ examples

A

Encoding based on meaning of the words (how words work together to create meaning) (ex : giving a word a meaning)

77
Q

spacing effect

A

Practice that takes place over a period of time

78
Q

priming and examples

A

Unconscious activation of associations with memory (ex morning in happy mood mourning in bad mood)

79
Q

serial position effect (primacy and recency effect)

A

You can recall first (primacy effect) and last (recent effect) items on list (leaderboards)

80
Q

prototype and examples

A

Mental images, matches new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items in categories (ex : you consider an office chair and dinner chair as one thing; chair because of the 4 legs)

81
Q

availability heuristic and examples

A

Estimating likelihood of events based on their availability in memory (ex plane crash, but crashing in a car is higher)

82
Q

confirmation bias

A

Tendency to search for info that supports our perceptions and to ignore evidence against

83
Q

framing and examples

A

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can affect decisions and judgements (ex : if you say you argued vs disagreed to a friend, and that affects their judgement)

84
Q

critical period of language development

A

younger than age 2-7

85
Q

telegraphic speech

A

Early speech where child speaks like telegram (2 word stage)
Uses nouns + verbs (go car)

86
Q

Whorfs linguistic determinism

A

language determines the way we think

87
Q

Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence

A

analytic - book smart
practical - street/life smart
creative - art smart, finding solutions imagination and creating

88
Q

use of intelligence tests

A

to assess individuals mental aptitude and compare with others

89
Q

Heritability of Intelligence

A

Intelligence is similar between parents and children

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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