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AP Psychology > Unit 4 : > Flashcards

Unit 4 : Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

Process of sensing something (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin)
Bottom up processing

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2
Q

perception

A

Brain takes sensory infor, organizes and interprets it. Based on prior experience
Top-down processing

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3
Q

bottom-up processing

A

Starts with sensory receptors and works up to higher level of processing

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4
Q

top-down processing

A

Info process guided by higher level mental processes constructing perceptions by experiences and expectations

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5
Q

selective attention

A

Can only consciously focus on one thing at a time

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6
Q

inattentional blindness

A

Focused on some thing that we become blind to something else

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7
Q

change blindness

A

Fail to notice things in environment

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8
Q

transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another

Ex : sight, sound. Smell into neural impulses brain can interpret

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9
Q

psychophysics

A

Study of relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli

Sensations and the stimuli that produce them

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10
Q

absolute threshholds

A

Can detect 50% of the time

Hearing “ding” from phone

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11
Q

signal detection theory

A

method for measuring a system’s ability to detect patterns/stimuli/signals in information despite background noise

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12
Q

subliminal

A

Below absolute threshold awareness

Cant detect it half of the time

Getting your name called while listening to music

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13
Q

priming

A

Activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory, response.

Activation of certain areas which change perception memory and response

Sees doctor&raquo_space; easier to spot nurse than cat because of the theme

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14
Q

difference threshold

A

Can you detect the difference in 2 stimuli 50% of the time?

Wine tasters

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15
Q

webers law

A

2 stimuli must change by a constant %

Ex : 10 kg add 1 kg
10% change
100 add 1
1% change X

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16
Q

sensory adaptation

A

Dimished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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17
Q

perceptual set

A

tendencies and assumptions that affects (top-down) what we hear, taste, feel, and see.
Perceive 1 thing and not the other

Old lady vs young; which one you perceive first

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18
Q

wavelength

A

Distance from one peak of a wave to next

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19
Q

hue

A

Light wavelength

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20
Q

intensity

A

Amount of energy in a wave
Determined by height (amplitude)
Determins the brightness and loudness

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21
Q

pupil

A

Adjustable opening through which light enters

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22
Q

iris

A

Colored muscle around pupile, controls size of pupil opening

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23
Q

lens

A

Behind pupil, helps focus light on retina through accommodation

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24
Q

retina

A

Inner surface of eye. Contains receptor cells (rods abd cones) and where transductioin occurs

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25
Q

accommodation

A

Changing / adjusting shape to focus on retina

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26
Q

rods

A

Retinal receptors; detect black, white and gray for peripheral vision and twighlight vision

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27
Q

cones

A

Retinal receptors that are in center of retina, function in daylight/well lit areas. Detect fine detail

28
Q

optic nerve

A

Carries neural impulses to thalamus in the brain

29
Q

blind spot

A

Where optic nerve leaves the eye

30
Q

fovea

A

Central focus point of retina; Cones are clustered here

31
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells that respond to specific features like ahpe, angle, movement

32
Q

parallel processing for vision

A

Processing of Many aspects of a problem simultaneously

See, smell, and hear a baker baking

33
Q

young-Helmholtz trichromatic (3 color) theory

A

Cones that respond to 3 colors; red, green, blue from which we experience colors

34
Q

gestalt

A

Organized whole

35
Q

figure-ground

A

visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surrounding (ground)

36
Q

grouping

A

Organize figures into meaningful groups
Proximity : images and objects in close proximity of each other (6 lines of? 2 sets of 2)
Continuity : 2 lines? 4 semi circles?
Closure : fills in gaps where pieces are missing

37
Q

depth perception

A

Ability to see objects in 3D and judge distance

38
Q

visual cliff

A

Lab device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

39
Q

binocular cues

A

2 eyes to perceive depth

40
Q

retinal disparity

A

Each retina takes in images; brain uses images to compute distance

The closure the object the more differnt it looks like

41
Q

monocular cues

A

One eye to perceive depth

42
Q

phi phenomenon

A

Illusion of movement created when 2 or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

43
Q

perceptual constancy

A

Perceiving objects as unchanging (consistent shapes, size, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change

Doors

44
Q

color constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by object

Different colored apples

45
Q

perceptual adaptation

A

In vision the ability to adjust to artificially displace/inverted visual field

Upside down goggles, after a week people could ski and drive

46
Q

audition

A

Sensation act of hearing

47
Q

frequency

A

of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

48
Q

pitch

A

Lines experienced highness/lowness; depends on frequency

49
Q

middle ear

A

Ossicles (bones of middle ear) hammer, anvil, stirrup

50
Q

cochlea

A

Coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in inner ear. Sound waves travelling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses

51
Q

inner ear

A

Cochlea (transduction occurs in ear)

Enter as sound waves —> exit as neural impulses

52
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

Nerve deafness

Damage to cochleas hair loss or auditory nerve

Most common comes with heredity, aging, and loud noises

53
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

Damage to mechanical system (eardrum, bones of middle ear)

54
Q

cochlear implant

A

Device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve

55
Q

place theory

A

Theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated

56
Q

frequency theory

A

Rate of nerve impulses travelling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

57
Q

gate control theory

A

Block unimportant impulses from spinal cord

58
Q

kinesthesia

A

Senses position and movement of indicidual body parts

59
Q

sensory interaction

A

One sense may influence another as when the smell of food influences its taste

60
Q

vestibular sense

A

Balance
Inner ear
Works with kinesthesia
Cerebellum

61
Q

embodied cognition

A

Influence of sensations, gestures and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements

62
Q

Cornea

A

Outer protective layer where light first enters

63
Q

Eye structure mnemonic for sequence of how light enters eye

A

Can I Please Learn Reading Faster

64
Q

Opponent process theory

A 
3 opposite pairs
Red/green
Black/white
Blue/yellow
After images
65
Q

Outer ear

A

Auditory canal border : eardrum

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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