Unit 5: Reproduction Flashcards
What is the difference between presumptive, probable, and positive signs of pregnancy?
Presumptive - obsserved by mother
Probable - observed by health care provider
Positive - objective signs assessed by an examiner
What are presumptive signs?
N/V
Fatigue
Breast changes
Quickening (fetal movement)
Amenorrhea
What are probable signs?
Hegar’s: softening and compressibility of lower uterus
Chadwicks: deepened violet-bluish color of cervix and vaginal mucose
Goodell: softening of cervical tip
What are positive signs?
Fetal heart sounds
Visualization of fetus by ultrasound
Fetal movement
What is impantation?
trophoblast secretes enzymes that allow it to burrow into the endometrium (6-10 days)
What is development of the embryo?
Most critical time for organ system development and external features
day 15 - week 8
What is amniotic fluid function?
Cushioning
Regulation of temperature
Kidney function
The volume is important to fetal well-being
Vernix caseosa protects fetus skin
What is chorionic villi and decidua basalis?
Chorionic Villi is responsible for oxygen, nutrition, and waste
Decidua basalis taps into maternal blood vessels
What is the function of the umbilical cord?
Supplies embryo with maternal nutrients and oxygen
What is the function of the placenta?
Metabolic exchange
Nutrient storage
Endocrine gland – HcG, Human placental lactogen, Progesterone, Estrogen
What is HcG?
Ensures supply of estrogen and progesterone needed for pregnancy
Will give the positive on urine test
What is Human placental lactogen
Stimulates maternal metabolism
Increases resistance to insulin
Facilitates glucose transport
Stimulates breast development
What is progesterone?
maintains endometrium
decreases the contractility of uterus
stimulates metabolism
development of breast alveoli
What is estrogen?
stimulates uterine growth and blood flow
Stimulates myometrial contractility
Proliferation of breast glandular
What is fetal circulatory system?
FHR 110-160
Bypass: ductus arteriosus - lungs; ductus venosus - liver; foramen ovale -a hole in the heart that allows blood to flow between the left and right atrium
What is viability?
capability of fetus to survive outside uterus
Usually around 24 weeks
Based on CNS function and lungs
What happens to the yolk sac?
Incorporated into digestive system
When does the digestive organs form?
5-10 weeks
What is the difference between dizygotic and monozygotic twins?
dizygotic - fraternal
monozygotic - identical
What is cogenital disorders influencing development?
Environmental: maternal conditions (diabetes), infection, mechanical problems, chemicals/drugs/radiation/hyperthermia
Genetic: chromosomal abnormalities
Unknown: spontaneous developmental errors
What is gravity?
number of pregnancies
What is parity?
pregnancies that reached 20+weeks
What is GTPAL?
Gravida
Term (37+ weeks)
Preterm (20-36 6/7 weeks)
Abortion <20 weeks
Living
What is preterm? Late preterm?
20-36 6/7 weeks
34 - 36 6/7 weeks
What is early term? Full term? Late term?
37 - 38 6/7 weeks
39 - 40 6/7 weeks
41 - 41 6/7 weeks
What is postterm?
42+ weeks
What is the earliest biochemical marker of pregnancy? For maintaining pregnancy?
HcG
Progesterone
When do the trimesters start?
0
14 weeks
28 weeks
What changes happens to the uterus during pregnancy?
enlarges, spherical shape, rotates to the right
Ballottement/Quickening (fetal movement passive/first recognition)
Hegar sign, braxton hicks, uterine bruit (rushing of blood to placenta), funic souffle (rishing of blood through umbilical cord)
What are cervix changes?
Goodell
Friability (bleeding after examination or coitus)
What are vagina and vulva changes?
Leukorrhea (vaginal discharge) increases
Chadwick sign (violet-blue color)
Lower pH to protect from infections
What are the changes of breasts?
Fullness
Colostrum (nutrient dense milk)
increased pigmentation
Montgomery tubercles (antibacterial secretion)
Increased sensitivity
Changes in cardiovascular system in pregnancy?
Increase blood volume and CO
Decrease BP - supine hypotensive syndrome
Increase plasma decreasing HCT and Hbg
Lack of iron
What are respiratory changes during pregnancy?
diaphragm pushed up, causing chest breathing instead of abdomen breathing
Increased chest capacity
Edema of capillaries (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi)
What are gastrointestinal changes during pregnancy?
N/V because of HcG
Bleeding gums
PICA cravings (clay, ice, laundry detergent)
Slower emptying time for digestion
What is urinary system changes during pregnancy?
More UTIs
Laying on side can increase renal function
What are integumentary changes during pregnancy?
Melasma: hyperpigmentation of skin over cheeks, nose, and forehead
Linea nigra: line midline on stomach
Stria gravidarum (stretch marks)
Angiomatas: star-shaped/branched, slightly raised, and pulsating end-arterioles (think small harmless red dots)
Palmar erythema: blotches on palm of hands
What are changes in the musculoskeletal system during pregnancy?
Increase weight
Posture changes
Center of gravity shifts forward
“waddling”
What are neuological changes during pregnancy?
Light headedness
Headaches (preeclampsia)
Alteration to sleep
Enhanced sense of smell and sensitivity
Edema leading to carpal tunnel syndrome
What are changes to the endocrine system during pregnancy?
Thyroid gland
Pituitary gland
Pancreas
Changes in these hormones causes hot flashes, mood changes, etc.
What are the changes to the immune system during pregnancy?
Protects mother against infection and prevent fetal rejection
Can’t give live virus vaccines during pregnancy
