Unit 5: Reproduction Flashcards by Brooke Pence

What is the difference between presumptive, probable, and positive signs of pregnancy?

Presumptive - obsserved by mother
Probable - observed by health care provider
Positive - objective signs assessed by an examiner

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What are presumptive signs?

N/V
Fatigue
Breast changes
Quickening (fetal movement)
Amenorrhea

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What are probable signs?

Hegar’s: softening and compressibility of lower uterus
Chadwicks: deepened violet-bluish color of cervix and vaginal mucose
Goodell: softening of cervical tip

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What are positive signs?

Fetal heart sounds
Visualization of fetus by ultrasound
Fetal movement

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What is impantation?

trophoblast secretes enzymes that allow it to burrow into the endometrium (6-10 days)

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What is development of the embryo?

Most critical time for organ system development and external features
day 15 - week 8

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What is amniotic fluid function?

Cushioning
Regulation of temperature
Kidney function
The volume is important to fetal well-being
Vernix caseosa protects fetus skin

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What is chorionic villi and decidua basalis?

Chorionic Villi is responsible for oxygen, nutrition, and waste
Decidua basalis taps into maternal blood vessels

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What is the function of the umbilical cord?

Supplies embryo with maternal nutrients and oxygen

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What is the function of the placenta?

Metabolic exchange
Nutrient storage
Endocrine gland – HcG, Human placental lactogen, Progesterone, Estrogen

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What is HcG?

Ensures supply of estrogen and progesterone needed for pregnancy

Will give the positive on urine test

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What is Human placental lactogen

Stimulates maternal metabolism
Increases resistance to insulin
Facilitates glucose transport
Stimulates breast development

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What is progesterone?

maintains endometrium
decreases the contractility of uterus
stimulates metabolism
development of breast alveoli

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What is estrogen?

stimulates uterine growth and blood flow
Stimulates myometrial contractility
Proliferation of breast glandular

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What is fetal circulatory system?

FHR 110-160
Bypass: ductus arteriosus - lungs; ductus venosus - liver; foramen ovale -a hole in the heart that allows blood to flow between the left and right atrium

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What is viability?

capability of fetus to survive outside uterus
Usually around 24 weeks
Based on CNS function and lungs

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What happens to the yolk sac?

Incorporated into digestive system

When does the digestive organs form?

5-10 weeks

What is the difference between dizygotic and monozygotic twins?

dizygotic - fraternal
monozygotic - identical

What is cogenital disorders influencing development?

Environmental: maternal conditions (diabetes), infection, mechanical problems, chemicals/drugs/radiation/hyperthermia
Genetic: chromosomal abnormalities
Unknown: spontaneous developmental errors

What is gravity?

number of pregnancies

What is parity?

pregnancies that reached 20+weeks

What is GTPAL?

Gravida
Term (37+ weeks)
Preterm (20-36 6/7 weeks)
Abortion <20 weeks
Living

What is preterm? Late preterm?

20-36 6/7 weeks
34 - 36 6/7 weeks

What is early term? Full term? Late term?

37 - 38 6/7 weeks 39 - 40 6/7 weeks 41 - 41 6/7 weeks

What is postterm?

42+ weeks

What is the earliest biochemical marker of pregnancy? For maintaining pregnancy?

HcG Progesterone

When do the trimesters start?

0 14 weeks 28 weeks

What changes happens to the uterus during pregnancy?

enlarges, spherical shape, rotates to the right Ballottement/Quickening (fetal movement passive/first recognition) Hegar sign, braxton hicks, uterine bruit (rushing of blood to placenta), funic souffle (rishing of blood through umbilical cord)

What are cervix changes?

Goodell Friability (bleeding after examination or coitus)

What are vagina and vulva changes?

Leukorrhea (vaginal discharge) increases Chadwick sign (violet-blue color) Lower pH to protect from infections

What are the changes of breasts?

Fullness Colostrum (nutrient dense milk) increased pigmentation Montgomery tubercles (antibacterial secretion) Increased sensitivity

Changes in cardiovascular system in pregnancy?

Increase blood volume and CO Decrease BP - supine hypotensive syndrome Increase plasma decreasing HCT and Hbg Lack of iron

What are respiratory changes during pregnancy?

diaphragm pushed up, causing chest breathing instead of abdomen breathing Increased chest capacity Edema of capillaries (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi)

What are gastrointestinal changes during pregnancy?

N/V because of HcG Bleeding gums PICA cravings (clay, ice, laundry detergent) Slower emptying time for digestion

What is urinary system changes during pregnancy?

More UTIs Laying on side can increase renal function

What are integumentary changes during pregnancy?

Melasma: hyperpigmentation of skin over cheeks, nose, and forehead Linea nigra: line midline on stomach Stria gravidarum (stretch marks) Angiomatas: star-shaped/branched, slightly raised, and pulsating end-arterioles (think small harmless red dots) Palmar erythema: blotches on palm of hands

What are changes in the musculoskeletal system during pregnancy?

Increase weight Posture changes Center of gravity shifts forward "waddling"

What are neuological changes during pregnancy?

Light headedness Headaches (preeclampsia) Alteration to sleep Enhanced sense of smell and sensitivity Edema leading to carpal tunnel syndrome

What are changes to the endocrine system during pregnancy?

Thyroid gland Pituitary gland Pancreas Changes in these hormones causes hot flashes, mood changes, etc.

What are the changes to the immune system during pregnancy?

Protects mother against infection and prevent fetal rejection Can't give live virus vaccines during pregnancy