Unit 4: Reproduction

Question 1

What is reproduction?

Answer 1

The process by which human beings produce a new individual

Question 2

When does conception start?

Answer 2

When the sperm fertilizes the egg

Question 3

What are risk factors for reproduction problems?

Answer 3

impoverished populations (access and ability to pay, education level)
Adolescents (poor nutrition, preterm labor, infections, depression, ethnicity)

Question 4

When does an individual have problems with reproduction?

Answer 4

trying to conceive for 1 year and cannot get pregnant

Question 5

What are appropriate nursing interventions for infertility?

Answer 5

Provide accurate information
Assist in identifying the cause
Provide emotional support
Educate about forms of treatment

Question 6

What are ovarian factors for infertility?

Answer 6

Anovulation: Primary – hormone disorder; seconday – disruption of the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis
Medications
Diet
Environment (smoking, air pollution, heavy metals, insecticides)

Question 7

What are tubal/peritoneal factors of infertility?

Answer 7

endometriosis
developmental anomalies

Question 8

What are uterine factors of infertility?

Answer 8

tumors, adhesions, anomalies

Question 9

What are vaginal-cervical factors of infertility

Answer 9

infections
Inadequate cervical mucus
isoimmunization (sperm antibodies)

Question 10

What are hormonal factors of male infertility?

Answer 10

tumors on pituitary or hypothalamic
nutritional deficiency
obesity
endocrine disorder
chronic illness

Question 11

What are testicular factors of male infertility?

Answer 11

STI
infection
undescended testes
trauma
antisperm

Question 12

What are factors associated with sperm transport?

Answer 12

Drugs (Marijuana, heroin, alcohol)
ED
STI

Question 13

What are nonmedical treatments for infertility?

Answer 13

changes in diet, weight, and habits
Avoid water-soluble lubricants
not putting cell phones by waist
receiving sexual counseling
herbal supplements (vitamin E/C, selenium, zinc, ginseng, coenzyme Q10)

Question 14

What are surgical therapies and assisted reproductive therapies for infertility?

Answer 14

ART: manipulation of eggs/sperm; fertilizing in lab
Types of ART: Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) – oocytes placed with washed motile sperm and transferred to uterine tube; In vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) – fertilized in lab transfered to uterus; Zygot intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) – similar to previous, but only one uterine tube used

Question 15

What would you assess in female infertility?

Answer 15

Detection of ovulation
Hormone analysis
Ultrasonography
Endometrial biopsy
Laparoscopy
Hysterosalpingography

Question 16

What would you assess in male infertility?

Answer 16

Semen analysis
Hormone analysis
Scrotal ultrasound

Question 17

What issues should the couple address before treatment?

Answer 17

Risk for multiple gestation
Need for multifetal reduction
Need for donor
How to disclose facts of conception to offspring
Freezing embryos
Long-term effects of medications
Mental health effects

Question 18

What is conctraception?

Answer 18

intentional prevention of pregnancy during sexual intercourse

Question 19

What are methods of contraception?

Answer 19

Fertility Awareness Methods
Barrier Methods (spermicides, condoms, diaphragm, contraceptive sponge)
Hormonal Methods
Other Methods: Coitus interruptus - pulling out; IUD; Emergency (plan B); Sterilization

Question 20

What are Fertility Awareness Methods?

Answer 20

Calendar rhythm, Basal body temp, Cervical mucus ovulation, breastfeeding, Twoday method, predictor kits)
Twoday method (did I note secretions today? yesterday?)