Unit 4: Reproduction Flashcards
What is reproduction?
The process by which human beings produce a new individual
When does conception start?
When the sperm fertilizes the egg
What are risk factors for reproduction problems?
impoverished populations (access and ability to pay, education level)
Adolescents (poor nutrition, preterm labor, infections, depression, ethnicity)
When does an individual have problems with reproduction?
trying to conceive for 1 year and cannot get pregnant
What are appropriate nursing interventions for infertility?
Provide accurate information
Assist in identifying the cause
Provide emotional support
Educate about forms of treatment
What are ovarian factors for infertility?
Anovulation: Primary – hormone disorder; seconday – disruption of the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis
Medications
Diet
Environment (smoking, air pollution, heavy metals, insecticides)
What are tubal/peritoneal factors of infertility?
endometriosis
developmental anomalies
What are uterine factors of infertility?
tumors, adhesions, anomalies
What are vaginal-cervical factors of infertility
infections
Inadequate cervical mucus
isoimmunization (sperm antibodies)
What are hormonal factors of male infertility?
tumors on pituitary or hypothalamic
nutritional deficiency
obesity
endocrine disorder
chronic illness
What are testicular factors of male infertility?
STI
infection
undescended testes
trauma
antisperm
What are factors associated with sperm transport?
Drugs (Marijuana, heroin, alcohol)
ED
STI
What are nonmedical treatments for infertility?
changes in diet, weight, and habits
Avoid water-soluble lubricants
not putting cell phones by waist
receiving sexual counseling
herbal supplements (vitamin E/C, selenium, zinc, ginseng, coenzyme Q10)
What are surgical therapies and assisted reproductive therapies for infertility?
ART: manipulation of eggs/sperm; fertilizing in lab
Types of ART: Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) – oocytes placed with washed motile sperm and transferred to uterine tube; In vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) – fertilized in lab transfered to uterus; Zygot intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) – similar to previous, but only one uterine tube used
What would you assess in female infertility?
Detection of ovulation
Hormone analysis
Ultrasonography
Endometrial biopsy
Laparoscopy
Hysterosalpingography
What would you assess in male infertility?
Semen analysis
Hormone analysis
Scrotal ultrasound
What issues should the couple address before treatment?
Risk for multiple gestation
Need for multifetal reduction
Need for donor
How to disclose facts of conception to offspring
Freezing embryos
Long-term effects of medications
Mental health effects
What is conctraception?
intentional prevention of pregnancy during sexual intercourse
What are methods of contraception?
Fertility Awareness Methods
Barrier Methods (spermicides, condoms, diaphragm, contraceptive sponge)
Hormonal Methods
Other Methods: Coitus interruptus - pulling out; IUD; Emergency (plan B); Sterilization
What are Fertility Awareness Methods?
Calendar rhythm, Basal body temp, Cervical mucus ovulation, breastfeeding, Twoday method, predictor kits)
Twoday method (did I note secretions today? yesterday?)
