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bio exam > Unit 5 - Interactions between Individuals > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Interactions between Individuals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pop of different species interact in a …

A

community

ie.watering hole in africa (elephants/ zebras/ lionking things)

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2
Q

relying on others?

A

some organisms (animals) rely on others within the community for survival

some birds and rhinoes

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3
Q

individuals within a pop do not

A

live in isolation

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4
Q

intraspecific vs intrespecific

A

1) interact w members of their own species
2) members of other species

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5
Q

interspecific interactions

A

that affect the individual’s survival and reproduction r the product of long term evolutionary adaptation

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6
Q

coevolution

babies

A

happens when individuals of two or more species influence each other reproductive success

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7
Q

coevolutionary relationship between pairs of organisms take 6 forms

A

1) predation
2) herbivory
3) mutualism
4) parasitism
5) competition
6) commensalims

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8
Q

predation

A

in which an organism feeds on another organism

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9
Q

herbivory

A

in which an organism feeds on a plant

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10
Q

mutualism

A

in which the relationship is mutually beneficial

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11
Q

parasitism

A

in which the parasite benefits from the host while reducing the hosts fitness in some way

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12
Q

competition

A

in which both organisms lose access to resources

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13
Q

commensalism

A

in which one organism receives benefits from the other organisms without damaging it

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14
Q

Predation effects on interacting pop + ex.

A

(+/-)
predators gain nutrients and energy prey r killed or injured
ie. northern lynx (pred.)
snowshoe hare (prey)

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15
Q

Herbivory effects on interacting pop + ex.

A

(+/-)
gain nutrients and energy; plants r killed and injured
ie. white-tailed deer and foliage

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16
Q

mutualism effects on interacting pop + ex.

A

(+/+)
both pop benefits
ie. honey bee (pollinator) and flowering plants

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17
Q

parasitism effects on interacting pop + ex.

A

(+/-)
parasites gain nutrients; host r injured or killed
ie. mistletoe attaches to a tree and takes water + nutrients from its host; usually stunts growth but can kill the tree w heavy infestations

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18
Q

competition effects on interacting pop + ex.

A

(-/-)
both competing pop lose access to some resources
ie. tree in forest competing for light

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19
Q

communalism effects on interacting pop + ex.

A

(+/0)
one pop benefits; the other is unaffected
ie. moss grows on a tree getting light and nutrients it needs while tree is unaffected

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20
Q

Predation and Herbivory

A

animals acquire nutrients and energy by consuming other organisms, P and H are likely the most evident examples of coevolution in ecological

21
Q

specialist

A

feed on one or just a few types of food
ie. pandas only eat bamboo
or koalas eat leaves

22
Q

generalist

A

have broader tastes and r, therefore, most adaptable to changing conditions and varying habitats
ie. Crows eat food from grain to insects to carrion

23
Q

prey short on food

A

when prey is scare, animal often take what they can get, settling for food that has a higher cost-to-benefit ratio

24
Q

Food abundance

A

when food is abundant, animals may specialize, selecting types of food that provide the largest energy return

25
Q

defene mechanisms

A

predation and herbivory have a (-) impact on the species being eaten so animals and plants have evolved mechanisms to avoid being caught and eaten.

26
Q

types of defence mech

A

1) camouflage
2) behavioural defences
3) chemical defence
4) mimicry

27
Q

Camouflage

A

an organism mimics the patterns environment
ie. rockfish use disruptive colation (breaking up the shape and destroying the outline of an object) to hinder and blend into the background

camiline - fight of competition or attract a mate or stick bug

28
Q

Chemical defence

A

an organism is chemically unattractive, either by releasing noxious odours or concentrating poisonous chemicals in its body
ie. Skunks spraying a non-toxic chemical or monarch butterflies use potent plants toxins to make unpleasing to preditors.

29
Q

Behavioural defence

A

passive - hiding, freezing, or playing dead
active - fleecing, herding, mobbing, distraction displays
ie. rabbits use both freezing and hiding to avoid being prey

ie. muskoxen her in a tight defensive formation on alert with their horns towards prey

ie. bird mob and harass a predatory to protect young

ie. squid and octopuses use ink clouds

30
Q

Mimicry

A

one species enolves to resemble another. there r 2 types
1) batesian 2) mullerian

31
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

a palatable or harmless species resembles an unpalatable or poisonous one (model)
ie. harmless drone fly is a BM of the stinging honeybee

32
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

two or more unpalatable species that share common predators look the same
ie. viceroy and the monarch butterflies use MM. they r both unpalatable and look the same

33
Q

Spines and armour

A

various animals and plants have hard, thorny, or needle-like structures
ie. north american porcupine releases hairs that have been modified into sharp quills that cause pain and swelling

34
Q

Population Cycles

A

interspecific interaction by which pop density of one species (predator) increases while pop density of other species (prey) declines

35
Q

time lag

A

exist between responses to predator-prey interactions and their pop size

36
Q

abt lynx and hare pop

A

while the L and H pop cycle is often cited as a classic example of pop cycle, snowshoe hare pop exhibits similar 10y fluctuations on islands where lynx are absent

37
Q

factor affected fluctuations

A

was the number of pelts purchased by the Hudson Bay Company. fur prices often influence the number of animal traps

38
Q

recent research abt snowshoe hare pop

A

caused by complex interactions between the snowshoes hares and there food sources and predators

39
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

different species that use the same limiting resources experience ICcom

40
Q

competing individuals…

A

may experience increased mortality and decreased reproduction responses similar to those for IC

41
Q

can occur in two ways

A

1) interference competition
2) exploitative competition

42
Q

interference competition

A

involves aggression between individuals of different species who fight over the same resource(s)

43
Q

exploitative competition

A

involves the consumption of shared resources by individuals of different species, where consumption by one limits the resource availability to the other species

44
Q

Interspecific Competition = Gauses principle

A
  • competitive exclusion
  • no to species with similar requirements could coexist in the exactly the same niche indefinitely
  • pop of weaker competitor can decline
  • change behaviour to survive using diff resources
  • one pop could migrate to another habitat
45
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

avoidance of/ reduction in competition for similar resources by individuals of different species occupying different non-overlapping ecological niches

46
Q

Ecological Niches

A

and organisms’ ecological characteristics, including the use of interaction with ABIOTIC and BIOTIC resources within its environments
- one habitat being address and its niche as occupation

47
Q

example of ecological niches

A

lions niche is what it eats, what eats it, the way it reproduces, the temp range it tolerates, its habitat, behavioural responses

48
Q

fundamental niche

A

is the biological characteristics of the organism and the set of resources individuals in the pop are theoretically capable of using under ideal conditions

49
Q

realized niche

A

the biological characteristics of the organism and the resources individuals in a pop actually use under the prevailing environmental conditions

bio exam (41 decks)

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