Unit 1 - carbohydrates

Question 1

carbs

three jobs (SSS)

Answer 1

carbs (or simple and complex sugar molecules) are among the most common biological mol on earth. they r used in organisms as an energy source (glucose), storage (Strach in plants / glycogen in animals ) structure (cellulose)

Question 2

carbs always contain

Answer 2

c / h / o
general formula (CH2O)
“ase”

Question 3

Two main types of carbs

Answer 3

sugar and starch
at least 40% of a healthy diet should be complex carbs

Question 4

Monosaccharide

Answer 4

simple sugar
can be ketoses or aldoses (C=O in middle or end)
contain 3, 5,6 carbons most common in living organisms
5 or more carbons r linear in a dry state but form a ring when dissolved in water

Question 5

Common Monosaccharides

3 + solubility

Answer 5

Glucose
OH, OH, H, OH, CH2OH
right - left
Fructose
CH2OH, OH, OH, H, CH2OH
left - right
B-Galactose
H, OH, H, H, CH2OH
right to left

small sugars r highly soluble in water

Question 6

Pentose sugars (monosaccharides)

Answer 6

Deoxyribose
- H
- found in DNA
Ribose
-OH
- found in RNA

Question 7

Disaccharides

Answer 7

• contain 2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
• made through dehydration synthesis

Question 8

types of disaccharides

Answer 8

sucrose
maltose
lactose

Question 9

sucrose

Answer 9

a glucose + fructose = table salt

Question 10

maltose

Answer 10

a glucose + a glucose = grain sugar

Question 11

lactose

Answer 11

a glucose + galactose = milk sugar

Question 12

Oligosaccharides

bond arrangment
+ 2 jobs

Answer 12

-carbohydrates composed of 3-10 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds
- dietary oligosaccharides cannot be digested or absorbed by humans
- cell blinking / immune response
ie. insulin

Question 13

Polysaccharides

Answer 13

long chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds through dehydration synthesis
- can be branched or unbranched
- important for energy storage and structural support

Question 14

storage

plants vs animals

Answer 14

excess a-glucose mol are stored as starch in plants and glycogen in animals

Question 15

starch

Answer 15

produced by plants through photosynthesis, starch is an energy mol composed of a-glucose polymers amylose 20-25% and amylopectin 75-80%

Question 16

Amylose vs amylopectin

Answer 16

amylose is an unbranched helical polymer while amylopectin has a branched structure

Question 17

glycogen

Answer 17

the energy storage mol of animal + is a similar to amylopectin in that is composed of 1,4 glucose chains w a 1,6 branch point.

Question 18

Cellulose

Answer 18

b-glucose mol join together vis B 1,4 glycosidic bonds to form a tough linear polymer called cellulose
- important structural mol found in cell walls of plants (most abundent organic pol on earth)

Question 19

Humans and Cellulose

Answer 19

humans can NOT digest cellulose. while we can synthesize the amylase needed to break 1,4 and 1,6 glycoside linkages we can not break cellulose beta glycoside linkages. but is important for r diet as it is fiber and aid in intestinal motility (moving food through digestive trackt) + act as a stool softener and scrapes walls clean

Question 20

Chitin

Answer 20

• second most abundant organic material in the world
• used in the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans ie lobsters.
• same of cellulose but w nitrogen containing groups