Unit 1- macromolrcules & their subunits Flashcards
Molecules containing carbon r known as
Organic compounds = given this name bc 19th century scientist believed that they could only be synthesized by living things using “vis vitalis”
How can such complexity be achieved from so few buidling blocks?
POLYMERS = These r large molecules made from repeating subunits. where cells r composed almost entirely by just 4 diff types of marcromolecules which r polymers.
Types
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acid
Methane
CH4 = single bond
Ethene
double bond
Ethyne
triple bond
Cyclohexane
6 carbon ring
C-H…
bonds r non-polar, hydrocarbons, and hydrophobic and therefore often found in living things. by adding elements like o/n to hydrocarbons they will gain polar regions increasing solubility in water. + will gain a new 3D shape and chemical properties.
functional groups
1) hydroxyl
2) carbonyl
3) carboxyl
4) amino
5) sulfhydryl
6) phosphate
hydroxyl
-OH / -O-H
alcohol
ie. ethyl
carbonyl
h-c=o Aldehyde - end of mol
ie. acetaldehyde
c-c=o Ketone - middle of mol
ie. acetone
carboxyl
-cooh
organic acid = carboxylic acids
ie. acetic acid
amino
-NH2
amino acid
ie. alanine
sulfhydryl
-SH
cellular molecules
ie. merceptoethanol
phosphate
-PO4-2
nucleic acid + nucleotides
ie. glyceraldehyde-3-phosephste
carboxyl functional group
act…
carboxyl group acts like an acid releasing h+ ions to bc (-) charged
-OH removed
Amino functional group
act like…
amino groups act like a base accepting h+ ions to (+) charged
NH2 bc NH3
Phosphate functional group
act like…
phosphate group acts like an acid releasing h+ ions to bc (-) charged
dehydration
rxn
water is released to join subunits to bc large molecules
hydrolysis
water is used as a reactant to split large molecules into small subunits
Molecular Isomers
two or more compounds with the same chemical formula but diff structure
two main types of isomers
1) structural
2) stereoisomers
structural isomers
share a chemical formula but do not share a bond arrangement
stereoisomers
isomers that only differ in spatial orientation of their components of atoms
s= space oi= orientation
two types of stereoisomers
1) geometrical
2) optical
Geometrical isomer
changes the structure of molecules giving it:
-diff physical properties
-often retains chemical properties
Optical isomers
molecules that r MIRROR IMAGES of each other
usualy have similar chemical + physical properties
-ENZYMES or MEMBRANE proteins can distinguish them giving them diff biological properties
