Unit 1- macromolrcules & their subunits

Question 1

Molecules containing carbon r known as

Answer 1

Organic compounds = given this name bc 19th century scientist believed that they could only be synthesized by living things using “vis vitalis”

Question 2

How can such complexity be achieved from so few buidling blocks?

Answer 2

POLYMERS = These r large molecules made from repeating subunits. where cells r composed almost entirely by just 4 diff types of marcromolecules which r polymers.

Question 3

Types

Answer 3

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acid

Question 4

Methane

Answer 4

CH4 = single bond

Question 5

Ethene

Answer 5

double bond

Question 6

Ethyne

Answer 6

triple bond

Question 7

Cyclohexane

Answer 7

6 carbon ring

Question 8

C-H…

Answer 8

bonds r non-polar, hydrocarbons, and hydrophobic and therefore often found in living things. by adding elements like o/n to hydrocarbons they will gain polar regions increasing solubility in water. + will gain a new 3D shape and chemical properties.

Question 9

functional groups

Answer 9

1) hydroxyl
2) carbonyl
3) carboxyl
4) amino
5) sulfhydryl
6) phosphate

Question 10

hydroxyl

Answer 10

-OH / -O-H
alcohol
ie. ethyl

Question 11

carbonyl

Answer 11

h-c=o Aldehyde - end of mol
ie. acetaldehyde
c-c=o Ketone - middle of mol
ie. acetone

Question 12

carboxyl

Answer 12

-cooh
organic acid = carboxylic acids
ie. acetic acid

Question 13

amino

Answer 13

-NH2
amino acid
ie. alanine

Question 14

sulfhydryl

Answer 14

-SH
cellular molecules
ie. merceptoethanol

Question 15

phosphate

Answer 15

-PO4-2
nucleic acid + nucleotides
ie. glyceraldehyde-3-phosephste

Question 16

carboxyl functional group

act…

Answer 16

carboxyl group acts like an acid releasing h+ ions to bc (-) charged
-OH removed

Question 17

Amino functional group

act like…

Answer 17

amino groups act like a base accepting h+ ions to (+) charged
NH2 bc NH3

Question 18

Phosphate functional group

act like…

Answer 18

phosphate group acts like an acid releasing h+ ions to bc (-) charged

Question 19

dehydration

rxn

Answer 19

water is released to join subunits to bc large molecules

Question 20

hydrolysis

Answer 20

water is used as a reactant to split large molecules into small subunits

Question 21

Molecular Isomers

Answer 21

two or more compounds with the same chemical formula but diff structure

Question 22

two main types of isomers

Answer 22

1) structural
2) stereoisomers

Question 23

structural isomers

Answer 23

share a chemical formula but do not share a bond arrangement

Question 24

stereoisomers

Answer 24

isomers that only differ in spatial orientation of their components of atoms

s= space oi= orientation

Question 25

two types of stereoisomers

Answer 25

1) geometrical
2) optical

Question 26

Geometrical isomer

Answer 26

changes the structure of molecules giving it:
-diff physical properties
-often retains chemical properties

Question 27

Optical isomers

Answer 27

molecules that r MIRROR IMAGES of each other
usualy have similar chemical + physical properties

-ENZYMES or MEMBRANE proteins can distinguish them giving them diff biological properties