Unit 2 - ATP

Question 1

ATP cell currency

Answer 1

the energy ‘currency’ of our cell is know as ATP
- Adenosine Triphosphate
- a derivative of nucleotides
- large amts of free energy
- short term energy

Question 2

ATP made of

Answer 2

1) a nitrogenouse base A
2) ribose sugar (pento)
3) chain of three phosphate groups

Question 3

ATP powers what…

Answer 3

cellular work by coupling exergonic (exothermic) rxn to endergonic (endothermic) rxn

Question 4

3 kinds of ATP cellular work

Answer 4

1) mechanical work
2) transport work
3) chemical work

Question 5

Mechanical work

Answer 5

beating of cilia contractions of muscle cells and movement of chromosomes

Question 6

Transport work

Answer 6

pumping substances across membrane against the direction of spontaneous movement

Question 7

Chemical work

Answer 7

driving endergonic rxn such as the synthesis of polymers from monomers

Question 8

Hydrolysis

Answer 8

bond between phosphate group can be broke by hydrolysis (end terminal)
- as bonds in these new products from free energy is release
- additionally H+ ions is released into the solution

Question 9

How ATP works

Answer 9

1) third phosphate is the hardest one to keep attached
2) phosphate from bonds w water
3) entropy increases

Question 10

third phosphate is the hardest one to keep attached

Answer 10

• repulsion in oxygen groups
• breaking O-P bond requires less energy

Question 11

phosphate form bonds w water

Answer 11

• this releases lots of energy
• it creates v stable structure

Question 12

entropy increases

Answer 12

• 1 mol broke into 2
• exergonic rxn - energy relseased

Question 13

ATP and Energy Coupling

Answer 13

in the cell, the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is coupled directly to endergonic processes by transferring the phosphate group to another mol.
- 2nd mol is phosphorylated
- more reactive
- use of an enzyme to bring ATP and reactant close together

Question 14

Phosphorylation

Answer 14

the transfer of a phosphate group to an organic mol (usually from ATP to another mol)

Question 15

Example within the cell

Answer 15

a) ammonia is adding to glutamic acid to form glutamine. This is a non-spontaneous endergonic rx
b) in the presence of ATP, a phosphate is transferred to glutamic acid this forms glutamly phosphate which spontaneously reacts w ammonia to form glutamine

Question 16

Regeneration of ATP

Answer 16

ATP is a renewable resource that is continually regenerated by adding a phosphate group to ADP
-the energy ti support renwal come from catabolic rxn in the cell.
- break down of carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Question 17

Redox rxn release energy when e- move closer to electronegative atoms

Answer 17

• The catabolic pathway relocates the electrons stored in food molecules releasing energy that is used to synthesize ATP
• Transfer of electrons

Question 18

Redox = Oxidation and Reduction

Answer 18

Oxidation
= loss of e-
Reduction
= gain of e-

Question 19

Oxidation

Answer 19

loss of e-
oxygen gained
hydrogen lost

Question 20

Reduction

Answer 20

gain of e-
oxygen lost
hydrogen gained

Question 21

Phosphorylation

Answer 21

The addition of a phosphate group

Question 22

Decarboxylation

Answer 22

The removal of a carbon

Question 23

The ways to recognize a redox reaction

Answer 23

1) electron transfer
2)Change in degree
3) Transferring H from organic mol of O

Question 24

Electron Transfer

Answer 24

-The formation of table salt from sodium and chloride is a redox rxn
-sodium is oxidized
-chlorine is reduced
-needs a donor and acceptor

Question 25

a Change in the degree of electron sharing in covalent bonts

Answer 25

(compound reacts w oxygen)
-electrons shift to the more electronegative atom

Question 26

Transferring H from organic mols to Oxygen

Answer 26

(dehydrogenation reaction; removal of H)
- mols w H’s r sourced of e- that FALL closer to oxygen and is why hydrocarbons make good source of energy