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bio exam > Unit 2 - Efficiency and Inhibitors > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Efficiency and Inhibitors Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

tally;
CO2 / ATP / NADH / FADH2

in
gylocolysis =
PO =
krebs =

A

glycolysis = 0,2,2,0
Pyruvate Oxidation = 2,0,2,0
Krebs cycle = 4,2,6,2
Total 6,4,10,2

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2
Q

1 NADH makes….
1 FADH2 makes…
substrate level ATP…

A

3 ATP x 10 = 30
2 ATP x 2 = 4
= 4
TOTAL ATP = 38

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3
Q

Grand total of ATP

A
  • 34 mols of ATP formed in ETC
  • 2 in Krebs
  • 2 in Glycolysis
  • per glucose = 38ATP
  • actual yield =30ATP
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4
Q

Why is the actual yield only 30 ATP?

A

-inner mitochondrial membrane may leak H+
- ATP required to prepare cell for glycolysis

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5
Q

How Efficient is Cellular Respiration

A

-Hydrolysis of ATP from ADP Pi = 31kj/mol

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6
Q

if the complete oxidation of glucose produces 38 ATP…

A

then the total energy stored through ATP is 1178kj/mol

but glucose contains 2870kj/mol of energy

1178/2870 x 100 = 41%

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7
Q

41% efficientce

A

therefore a max of 41% in glucose is made into ATP and the rest of potenital energy is dissipated as thermal energy

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8
Q

what abt the NADH formed in the cytosol

A

during glycolysis, 2 NADH r formed. these 2 electron carriers cannot access the ETC in the mitochondria. to overcome this problem, cells use one of two shuttle systems that transfer the high energy e- from NADH across the inner mitochondrial membranes and into the matrix

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9
Q

2 types of shuttles

A

1) malate-aspartate shuttle
2) glycerol-2-phosphate shuttle

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10
Q

Malate-aspartate shuttle

A

the NADH in the cytosol is oxidized to NAD+ and e- r transferred across the membrane and used to reduce NAD+ to NADH within the matrix

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11
Q

Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle

A

-invloves the transfer of e- across the membrane from NADH to FAD in the matrix
- forming FADH2 = less free energy
- CELLS that use this system generate the equivalent of 2 rather than 2 ATP for every NADH
- why malate shuttle is more efficient
- produce 2 fewer ATPs per glucose

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12
Q

Creatine Phosphate

A

demand for energy in the cell can fluctuate dramatically. Cells may need a burst of energy during periods of high activity (muscle cells) buta low demand for energy at another time

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13
Q

ATP levels high in the cell

A

the last phosphate of ATP gets transferred to creatine. when phosphorylated, creatine bc a high energy mol called creatine phospahte

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14
Q

high levels of ATP reaction

A

creatine + ATP = creatine phosphate + ADP

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15
Q

ATP levels r low

A

it gets transferred back to ADP to make more ATP. The cell is able to recerse the rxn abt to generate more ATP quickly.

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16
Q

Low levels of ATP reaction

A

creatine phosphate = creatine + ATP

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17
Q

what is the final e- acceptor in ETC

A

oxygen

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18
Q

what happens if oxygen is unavailable (4)

A

1) ETC backs up
2) ATP production ceases
3) cells run out of energy
4) and u die

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19
Q

Interrupting Cellular Respiration (3)

A

Poisons
1) block electron transport chain (ie. CO)
2) inhibit ATP synthase (ie. antibiotic oligomycin)
3) make membrane leaky to H+ ions (ie. dinitrophenol)

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20
Q

Poisons (5)

A

1) hydrogen cyanide
2) carbon monoxide
3) rotenone
4) dinitrophenol
5)oligomycin

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21
Q

Hydogen Cyanide

A
  • a chemical used in poisonous gas
  • inhibits cytochrome oxidase (supply of oxygen to body tissues is still plentiful but cells cannot use the oxygen efficiently)
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22
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A
  • binds to and inhibits cytochrome c oxidase
    (binds to hemoglobin at an oxygen binding site)
  • sources of CO house fires, paint strippers, exhaust etc
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23
Q

Rotenone

A
  • used in pesticides of piscicide
  • prevents e- passing from NADH, and dehydrogenase to UB
  • poorly absorbed through the skin, but not often deadly but can cause vomiting. but purposeful ingestion can be fatal
24
Q

Dinitrophenol

A
  • DNP is an uncoupler or has the ability to separate the flow of e- and pumping of H+ ions from ATP synthesis
    -energy from e- cannot be used in ATP synthesis
  • used to be given as a weight loss drug
25
Q

Oligomycin

A
  • antibiotic that inhibits ATP synthase by blocking its proton channel necessary for oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
  • stop ETC
26
Q

Brown Fats

A

-special type of tissue associated w generation of heat and more abundant in hibernating mammals and newborns

27
Q

white / brown / beige fats

A

white = found in surrounding organs

brown = important for energy storage, burns fat to help make heat

beige = mix of both

28
Q

Regulating Cellular Respiration

A

most metabolic pathways r regulated by supply and demand through the process of feedback inhibition

29
Q

how do we avoid making to much ATP

A

FEEDBACK INHIBITION
- we dont wanna waste cell resources
- so FI regulates pathway by one of the products of the pathway

30
Q

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

A

regulated by ATP and ADP derivative called AMP, and CITRATE, as well as some other mols we won’t discuss here

31
Q

Feedback Inhibition in ATP

A

-in aerobic respiration, ATP inhibits enzymes throughout the pathway

32
Q

ATP - regulator of PFK =

A

if there is already enough ATP in the cell, glycolysis does not need to make more

33
Q

ATP inhibits PFK

A

which prevents creation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate slows or stops glycolysis

34
Q

AMP

A

Adenosine monophosphate is a + regulator of PFK. when a cell is v low on ATP, it will star squeezing more ATP out of ADP mols by converting them to ATP and AMP
(ADP + ADP = ATP + AMP)

35
Q

Feedback Inhibition high levels of AMP

A

means that the cell is starved for energy, and that glycolysis must run quickly to replenish ATP

36
Q

Feedback Inhibition Citrate

A

the first product of Krebs cycle, can also inhibit PFK. if citrate builds up, this is a sign that glycolysis can slow down, bc the Krebs cycle is backed up and doesn’t need more fuel

37
Q

Alternatives to Glucose

A

carbs, fats, and proteins can fuel respiration
- when they r converted to mol that enter glycolysis or the Krebs cycle

38
Q

Other carbohydrates

A

glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbs fuels
- single or joined sugars
- broken dow into single sugars
- converted to glucose or glycolysis intermediate, enters glycolysis

39
Q

Polysaccharides =
other 6c sugars =

A

(Hydrolysis)= glucose
ie. starch / glycogen
(Modified)= glucose
ie. galactose/fructose

40
Q

Proteins

A
  • the chain of AA
  • amino acid have NH3 groups removed and converted to pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, or CA cycle intermediate to enter pyruvate oxidation or Krebs cycle
41
Q

Proteins =

A

(Hydrolysis)= aa

42
Q

three types of extracted fluids

A

= waste product excreated as ammonia, urea, or uric acid

43
Q

carbon skeleton

A

= enters glycolysis or Krebs cycle at different stages

44
Q

Fats (triglycerides)

A

Triglyceride = glycerol + 3 fatty acids
- broken down into gycerol and fatty acids
- glycerol converted to G3_ and enters glycolysis
- fatty acids r converted to acetly-CoA and enters Krebs

45
Q

Beta-Oxidation

A

a process in which fatty acids r broken down into acetly-CoA through catabolism

46
Q

Fats =

A

(Hydrolysis) = glycerol and fatty acids

47
Q

glycerol (2C) makes=

A

G3P = glycolysis

48
Q

fatty acids =

A

2c acetyl groups = acetyl CoA = Krebs cycle

49
Q

Carbs vs. Fats

A

fat generates 2x ATP vs. carbs
- more C in gram of fat
- more O in gram of carbs

50
Q

energy density in
carbs
fats
proteins

A

carbs = 17
fats = 37
proteins = 17

51
Q

Metabolism

A

coordination of diestion and synthesis - by regulating enzymes

52
Q

Digestion

A

-digestion of carbs, fats, and proteins (all catabolized through the same pathways but enter at diff points)
- cell extracts energy from every source

53
Q

Synthesis

A
  • enough energy? build stuff
  • cell uses points in glycolysis and krebs as links to pathways
  • run the pathways backwards (eat to much fuel; build fat)
54
Q

pyruvate =
krebs cycle =
acetyl CoA

A

= glucose
= aa
= fatty acids

55
Q

food mols provide raw materials for biosynthesis

A

cells use some food mols and intermediates from glycolysis and the krebs as raw materials ie process of biosnthesis and consumes ATP

56
Q

Fuelfor respiration ultimately comes from photosynthesis

A

all organisms
- can harvest energy from organic mols
plants but not animals
- can also make mols from inorganic sources by the process of photosynthesis

57
Q
A

bio exam (41 decks)

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