Unit 1 - Cell Structure Flashcards
DNA
holds the complete set of instructions to make all proteins in an organism (nucleus)
RNA
copy of a gene (instruction to make protein) and can leave the nucleus and travel to cytoplasm
Ribosome
protein producing enzyme that read RNA and use its code to assemble amino acids in the correct order to make proteins
ER
ribosomes covering its surface make proteins in this system of tubes. inside, proteins can be modified or moved through the cell
Golgi
vesicles from the ER may go to the Golgi. Here proteins get final modicications r sorted and packed into vessicles then shipped to there final location
Mitochondria
process carbohydrates to produce cellular energy (ATP)
Vesicles, Vacuoles, Lysosomes
- bubbles of membrane
- vesicles for transport
- vacules for storage
- lysosomes hold digestive enzymes
Centriole (in animals only)
- create spindle fibres used to separate chromosomes during cell division
Plant cells
- not centrioles but (MTOC)
- cell wall
- large water vacuole
- chloroplast
Lipids
- all membrane bound organelles r composed of phospholipids
Proteins
- protein r embedded in each membrane w a unique job
- enzymes dissolve in the fluid within membrane bound organelles
- fibrous proteins
-form cytoskeleton
Nucleic Acid
- there in DNA stored in nucelus and chloroplast
- nucleus has no membrane but is rich in protein
Carbs
while their main role is to provide energy for cells, in plants they form the cell wall ie cellulose
Nuclear Envelope (AKA nuclear membrane)
- double membrane
- outer membrane is continuous with rough ER to provide a tight interface between RNA and ribosome for making protein.
- nuclear pours regulate what enter and leave nucleus
Endomembrane System
- to make proteins, enzymes, and lipids
- vesicles can break off from one and merge with another
- proteins made by ribosomes directly into to ER where enzymes r waiting to be modified
Vesicles
- bubbles budded off from organelles or the cell membrane
-transporting materials
-bubbles containg enzymes (lysosomes digestive enzymes) (metabolic breaking water) - bubbles containg food water and waste
- vesicles can fuse to mix their contents (fuse w lysosome
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
- both a double membrane
- they create a concentration gradient of H+ ions
- allow H+ ions to flow where ATP synthases to make ATP
Mitochondria specifically
use glucose to make the gradient and release their ATP for use in the cell
Chloroplasts specifically
use energy from the sun to make gradient and use the resulting ATP to make glucose (used to build cell walls or used to regenerate ATP)
Microtubules, Microfilaments, an Intermediate Filaments
- these r fibrous proteins that can quickly self assemble and breakdown from protein substance
-important construction materials w lots of functions
ie. cytoskeleton, spindle fibres
Flagella
microscopic hair-like structures involved in the locomotion of a cell
Cilia
hair-like extensions protruding from the surface from most types of cells including progenitor and differentiated cells
Pseudopods
extensions of the cytoplasm, or the thick liquid that is inside organisms like amoeba. The organism can change the shape of the pseudopod, making it move, appear, and disappear. The pseudopods are used in movement and as a tool to capture prey.
