UNIT 4.3

Question 1

Person or interpersonal perception

Answer 1

is how we understand and interpret other people during interactions and communication

-It involves impression formation which Involves obtaining and processing information and giving meaning to perceptions

Question 2

Factors influencing impression formation

Answer 2

-Cognitive schemata

-Perceptual distortions:

Question 3

Cognitive schemata

Answer 3

-Schemata
-Central characteristics
-Peripheral characteristics

Mental ideas we have about how others should behave.

Question 4

Schemata

Answer 4

Mental pictures we create about how we think others should act in different roles

Question 5

Central characteristics

Answer 5

Traits that are seen as very important, and people don’t change their opinions about these traits easily

Question 6

Peripheral characteristics

Answer 6

Traits that are seen as less important and don’t affect their opinions as much.

Question 7

Event schemas

Answer 7

These are specific ideas about how people should act in certain situations.

Question 8

The primacy effect

Answer 8

means that first impressions are seen as more important than later information when we form ideas about other people.

Question 9

What is a by-product of the primary effect

Answer 9

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 10

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 10

This means people often act in ways that match how others expect them to act.

This is related to confirmation bias

Question 11

confirmation bias

Answer 11

The tendency of people to behave in ways that confirm what they already believe about each other.

Question 12

Physical appearance and other attraction determinants

Answer 12

-people often judge others’ personalities based on their appearance

Question 13

Stereotypes

Answer 13

=Stereotypes are a type of schema. They are fixed beliefs that people in the same group or social category share certain traits

Question 14

Halo effect

Answer 14

-happens when people form an overall impression of someone based mainly on one feature.

Question 15

Contrast effect

Answer 15

happen when we judge people by comparing them to others, especially those we’ve interacted with recently

Question 16

Projection

Answer 16

People often think that others have the same thoughts, feelings, and motives as they do.

This means they project their own experiences onto others.

Question 17

Three sources of information that are used to decide on the nature of an attribution or causing factor

Answer 17

These three factors help us understand whether a behavior is due to the person’s personality or the situation they’re in:

-Distinctiveness: Does the person behave differently in different situations

-Consistency: Does the person behave the same way every time in the same situation

-Consensus:Do other people behave similarly in the same situation

Question 18

Attribution errors and biases

Answer 18

-Fundamental attribution error

-Actor-observer effect

-Defensive attribution bias

-Self-serving bias

-The just-world hypothesis

Question 19

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 19

when people tend to think that someone’s behavior is mostly due to their personality or traits, rather than the situation they’re in.

Question 20

Actor-observer effect

Answer 20

when people explain others’ behavior by blaming their personality but explain their own behavior by blaming the situation.

Question 21

Defensive attribution bias

Answer 21

when people try to make themselves look good to others or feel good about themselves.

Question 22

Self-serving bias

Answer 22

When people:

Credit their successes to their own abilities or traits

Blame their failures on external factors

Question 23

The just-world hypothesis

Answer 23

is the idea that people believe the world is fair, so they think that bad things happen to people because of their own actions.

Question 24

Methods to enhance impression formation:

Answer 24

-Self-enhancing behaviours

-Enhancing other people and organisations

Question 25

Perceptual distortions

Answer 25

The primacy effect

Physical appearance

Stereotypes

Halo effect

Contrast effect

Projection