UNIT 3

Question 1

Concepts relating to an individuals self-concept

Answer 1

Self-esteem
Self-efficacy
Self-monitoring
Locus of control

Question 2

Self Concept

Answer 2

Is knowing who you are as a person. It includes understanding yourself as a physical, social, and moral being.

Question 3

Cognitions

Answer 3

These are your thoughts, knowledge, opinions, and beliefs

Question 4

Self esteem

Answer 4

Is how you feel about yourself. It’s your overall opinion of your worth and the degree to which you like yourself.

-If you have high self-esteem, you feel good about yourself and see yourself as capable and valuable.

-If you have low self-esteem, you might see yourself in a negative light.

Question 5

Self esteem research findings

Answer 5

-High self-esteem helps people deal with failure better.

-People with high self-esteem might become boastful and egotistical when stressed.

-Very high self-esteem can sometimes lead to aggressive or violent behaviour.

-High self-esteem is beneficial if it’s guided in positive and ethical ways.
In companies reducing staff, people with high self-esteem are more likely to want to leave.

-In stable companies, people with low self-esteem are more likely to leave.

Question 6

Four ways organisations can build employee self-esteem

Answer 6

1. Be supportive by showing concern for personal problems, interests etc.
2. Offer work that is varied, allows independence, and is challenging.
3. Build a good relationship and trust between supervisors and employees.
4. Believe in each employee’s ability to manage themselves.

Question 7

Self-efficacy

Answer 7

-A person’s belief about his chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task

It means being sure about your skills, attitudes and abilities and knowing whether you’ll succeed or not.

Question 8

Sources of self-efficacy

Answer 8

-Prior experience
-Behaviour models
-Persuasion from others
-Emotional/physical state

Question 9

High self efficacy

Answer 9

-High self-efficacy means having a strong belief in your ability to succeed in specific tasks or situations. People with high self-efficacy:

-Take on challenges confidently.

-Persist through difficulties without giving up easily.

-Recover quickly from setbacks.

-Believe they can influence events and control their outcomes.

Question 10

Low self efficacy

Answer 10

-Low self-efficacy means having a weak belief in your ability to succeed in specific tasks or situations. People with low self-efficacy:

 -Avoid challenges because they doubt their abilities.

 -Give up easily when faced with difficulties.

  -Feel discouraged by setbacks and may not recover quickly.

  -Believe they have little control over events and outcomes.

Question 11

Self-efficacy requires constructive action(improvement/help) in each of the following organisational areas:

Answer 11

-Self-management

-Goal setting

-Coaching

-Leadership

Question 12

Self monitoring

Answer 12

=Self-monitoring is how much people watch their own behaviour and change it to fit the situation.

-It means being able to change how you act to match where you are and what’s happening.

-You need to be able to understand the situation and choose the best way to behave.

Question 13

Self monitoring research findings

Answer 13

High self-monitors (people who can change their behavior to fit different situations) tend to be more successful in their careers.

They get more promotions, both from within their company and from outside.

They are better at finding mentors.

Self-monitoring is important for job performance and for people who are becoming leaders

Question 14

Self monitoring-Practical implications

Answer 14

Be aware of your self-image and how it impacts others.

For high self-monitors: Don’t go too far and become fake or untrustworthy.

For low self-monitors: Try to be more flexible while staying true to yourself. Practice noticing and responding to body language in different situations

Question 15

Locus of control

Answer 15

=Locus of control is about how much a person believes they control their own life.

-Internal locus of control: Believing that your actions determine what happens to you.

-External locus of control: Believing that outside forces or luck determine what happens to you.

Question 16

External locus of control traits

Answer 16

-Less need for information: You don’t feel the need to gather a lot of information.

-More dependency: You rely more on others who are more skilled.

-Compliance: You are more likely to follow rules and instructions.

-Weaker motivation: You might not feel as driven to achieve goals.

Question 17

Internal locus of control traits

Answer 17

-Seek information: You look for relevant information.

-Learn from experiences: You learn from past experiences and feedback.

-Take initiative: You are more likely to take action and show initiative.

-Strong motivation: You feel more motivated to achieve your goals.
.

Question 18

External locus of control-Practical implications

Answer 18

Less Need for Information: People with an external locus of control don’t feel the need to gather a lot of information.

Accept Dependency: They are more comfortable relying on others who are more skilled or knowledgeable.

Compliance: They tend to follow rules and instructions well.

Weaker Motivation: They might not be as driven or motivated.

Question 19

Internal locus of control- Practical implications

Answer 19

People with an internal locus of control often try to change their work procedures, conditions, and relationships with colleagues and supervisors.

They may not like being closely monitored by their supervisors and prefer more autonomy.

They thrive in jobs where they can take the initiative and don’t have to follow strict rules.

They prefer leaders who involve them in decision-making processes.

Question 20

Personality definition

Answer 20

It’s the mix of traits and qualities, both physical and mental, that make someone unique and give them their identity.

Question 21

How does personality develop?

Answer 21

Through:
Nature: This means the traits and characteristics you inherit from your parents through your genes.

Nurture: This refers to the traits and characteristics you develop from your environment and experiences

Question 22

Personality traits

Answer 22

These are characteristics that people show in different situations.

Question 23

Big Five Personality Model

Answer 23

-Extraversion
-Agreeableness
-Conscientiousness
-Emotional stability
-Openness to experience

Question 24

Openness to Experience:

Answer 24

This trait features characteristics such as imagination, insight, and a broad range of interests.

People high(The explorer) in openness are often more adventurous and creative,

while those low (The Preserver) in this trait may prefer routine and familiarity

Question 25

Conscientiousness

Answer 25

extent to which you are organised, careful, responsible, dependable & self-disciplined

Highly conscientious individuals(The focused) are organized and mindful of details. They tend to be reliable and disciplined

Low conscientious individuals (The flexible) are sloppy inefficient,careless, disorganised,easily distracted

Question 26

Agreeableness:

Answer 26

This dimension reflects attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, and affection.

People high(The Adapter) in agreeableness tend to be more cooperative and compassionate,

whereas those low (The Challenger) in this trait may be more competitive and sometimes manipulative

Question 27

Extraversion

Answer 27

This trait is about sociability, assertiveness, and emotional expressiveness.

Extraverts are often outgoing and energetic, enjoying social interactions,

while introverts may be more reserved and prefer solitary activities

Question 28

Personality types

Answer 28

Personality description based on common patterns of characteristics of people

Question 29

Most mentioned type theories:

Answer 29

Jung’s typology(Personality types)

Myers and Brigg’s typology

Question 30

Jung’s typology(Personality types)

Answer 30

3 dimensions:
-How people perceive: Sensing [S] and Intuiting [N]

-How people judge: Thinking [T] and Feeling [F]

-How people look at the world: Extraverts [E] and Introverts [I]