UNIT 4.2 Flashcards
Size cues
Objects that are farther away look smaller than those that are closer
(for your understanding)
For example, if you see two cars, and one looks much larger, your brain interprets the larger one as being closer to you
Linear perspective
When you look at parallel lines, like railway tracks, they seem to come together (converge) as they go into the distance.
The more they converge, the farther away they appear.
Texture gradient
As things get farther away, their texture looks smoother and less detailed.
(for your understanding)
For example, a grassy field looks rough and detailed up close, but as you look further away, the grass appears smoother and more uniform.
This helps us judge distance based on how detailed or smooth surfaces appear.
Atmospheric perspective:
Objects that are farther away look less clear and often appear smaller.
(for your understanding)
For example, distant mountains might look hazy and less detailed compared to nearby ones.
This helps us judge distance based on how clear or blurry things appear.
Height cues (Aerial perspective)
Objects that are lower in your field of vision (below the horizon) look closer, while objects higher up (above the horizon) look farther away.
(for your understanding)
For example, a tree at the bottom of your view seems nearer than a mountain higher up in the sky.
This helps us judge distance based on the height of objects in our view.
Motion parallax
When you’re moving, like in a car, objects far away seem to move with you, while objects close by seem to move in the opposite direction. Also, closer objects appear to move faster than those farther away.
This helps us judge distance and speed based on how things move relative to us.
Interposition/ overlap
When one object blocks part of another object, the one in front looks closer.
(For your understanding)
For example, if a tree is blocking part of a house, you see the tree as being closer than the house.
This helps us understand which objects are nearer and which are farther away.
Convergence
When you look at something close, your eyes turn inward towards your nose. The more your eyes turn in, the closer the object appears.
(for your understanding):
For example, if you hold your finger close to your nose, your eyes will cross to focus on it. This helps your brain understand that the object is very close.
Retinal disparity
Each of your eyes sees the world from a slightly different angle. Your brain uses these differences to understand depth and distance.
Perceptual constancy
Is our brain’s ability to see things as the same, even when they look different because of changes in our environment.
visual constancies that are used to explain stable visual perception
-Size constancy
-Shape constancy
-Brightness constancy
-Colour constancy
-Location constancy
Shape constancy
Shape constancy means we see an object as having the same shape, even if it looks different from various angles
(For your understanding)
For example, a round plate might look oval when viewed from the side, but we still know it’s round.
This helps us recognize objects no matter how we look at them.
-Size constancy
we see an object as the same size, even if it looks smaller or bigger because of how far away it is
(for your understanding)
For example, whether an elephant is close or far away, we still know it’s a large animal.
This happens because we are familiar with the usual sizes of objects and our brain adjusts for distance
Brightness constancy
we see the brightness of objects as the same, even if the lighting changes.
(for your understanding)
For example, a green cornfield looks green whether it’s sunny or cloudy.
This helps us recognize objects consistently, no matter the lighting conditions
Color constancy
we see colours as the same, even if the lighting changes.
(for your understanding) For example, a red rose looks red and a white car looks white, whether it’s sunny or cloudy.
This happens because our eyes adjust to different light levels, helping us recognize colors consistently.
Location constancy
means we understand that objects stay in the same place, even if we move around.
(for your understanding)
For example, when someone bungee jumps, things seem to rush past them quickly, but they know those objects aren’t actually moving. This helps us make sense of our surroundings, even when we’re in motion.
perception of movement
an area where visual perception is sometimes inconsistent because Information from our eyes and the muscles that move them can make us think something is moving when it’s not, or vice versa.
Real movement
This is when an object actually moves from one place to another.
Apparent movement
This is when we think something is moving, but it’s actually not.
Stroboscopic movement
This happens when a series of still images or lights are shown quickly one after another, making it look like there’s movement
Auto-kinetic illusion
This occurs when we see an object as moving because we have no other visual cues to tell us it’s stationary.
Induced movement:
This is when we think something is moving, but it’s actually still, often because something else nearby is moving.
Visual or optical illusions
happens when what we see doesn’t match the actual reality.
It involves the difference between what we perceive and what’s actually there.
Physical illusions:
These are caused by actual physical properties of the stimulus
,like how light bends in water.
Induced illusions
These happen when people think they see something that isn’t really happening.
Perceptual optical illusions
These are caused by misleading visual cues that trick our brains, leading to incorrect perceptions
Factors influencing sensation and perception
- Attributes of stimuli
-Attributes of the perceiver
-The role of situations in perception
Attributes of the perceiver
When a person experiences different things, their perception can be strongly influenced by their own traits
(for your understanding)
This means how they see and understand things can be affected by their feelings, past experiences, and personality.
Subjective factors that influence perception
-cognitive style
-motivation and emotion
-needs
-beliefs
-preferences
-expectations
-Values
-Attitudes
-Prejudices
-Unique experiences:
-Background
-Personality attributes
These factors enhance subjectivity and selectivity in perception
Attributes of stimuli
Stimuli and influences from the surrounding environment can have an impact on what is perceived
Stimuli and environmental factors that that influence perception
For people, physical characteristics like attractiveness, behavior, dress, and social or economic status can influence how we perceive and judge them
-motion
-novelty
-sound
- proximity
-background and size
The role of situations in perception
Sensations and the interpretations thereof cannot take place outside a particular context or setting (time; temperature; distance; location, social setting, )
