Unit 4.2

Question 1

Outline the types of movement of synovial joints

Answer 1

Adduction - a movement towards the medial line of the body (bring together)
Abduction - a movement away from the medial line (take away)
Flexion - decrease the angle at a joint
Extension - increase the angle at a joint
Pronation - rotation of the forearm so that the palms face inferiorly (down)
Supination - rotation of the forearm so that the palms face superiorly (up)
Elevation - move a structure superiorly (ex. shrugging)
Depression - move a structure inferiorly
Rotation - turning of a structure around its long axis
Circumduction - a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
Eversion - turning the ankle so the plantar surface faces laterally
Inversion - turning the ankle so the plantar faces medially
Plantar Flexion - the movement of the foot towards the plantar surface (standing on toes)
Dorsi Flexion - the movement of the foot towards the shin (walking on the heels)

Question 2

outline the types of muscle contraction

Answer 2

isotonic, isometric,
isokinetic, concentric and eccentric

Question 3

Isotonic

Answer 3

the muscle changes in length as it contracts and causes movement of a body part.
There are two types of isotonic contractions:

Question 4

Types of isotonic muscle contraction

Answer 4

Concentric
Eccentric

Question 5

What is concentric contraction

Answer 5

Concentric - the muscle shortens as it contract (the most common type of muscle contraction)
- ex. bending elbow from straight to fully flexed, causing concentric contraction
of the bicep brachii

Question 5

What is eccentric contraction

Answer 5

Eccentric - the muscle lengthens as its contracts

• ex. when kicking a football the quads contract concentric (to straighten the
  knee) and the hamstrings contract eccentrically to the decelerate the kickingmotion

Question 6

What is isotonic contraction

Answer 6

the muscle changes in length as it contracts and causes movement of a body part (concentric eccentric)

Question 6

What is isometric contraction

Answer 6

when there is no change in the length of the contracting muscle
- ex. carrying an object

Question 7

What is Isokinetic contraction

Answer 7

• contractions that produce movements at a constant speed (rarely found in day to day sports)
• ex. to measure you need special kinds of equipment (mostly used when
  rehabilitating an injury) like the dynamometer

Question 8

Explain the concept of reciprocal inhibition

Answer 8

Muscle work together in opposite pairs to bring about controlled movement.

Agonist - (prime mover) the muscle responsible for the movement (contracts concentrically, shortens)

Antagonist - the muscle that needs to actively relax to allow movement to happen. Also responsible for the muscle returning to its original position (contracts eccentrically, lengthens)

Question 9

Analyze movements in relation to joint action and muscle contraction

Answer 9

The hip involves extension and hyperextension with the agonist muscles of the gluteal muscles and hamstrings.

• The knee involves extension with the agonist muscle of the quadriceps groups of muscles.
• The ankle is involved in plantar flexion with the agonist muscles gastrocnemius.

Question 10

What is DOMS

Answer 10

Muscle soreness is a common response to an acute bout of hard exercise, particularly unfamiliar exercises

ex. a session of weightlifting for someone who has not performed resistance training for a long period of time
- Soreness is usually felt 24 - 72 hours after the exercise

Question 11

DOMS results primarily from eccentric muscle action and has a number of causes including:

Answer 11

• Overtraining
• Micro-tears in the muscle tissue
• Muscle spasms
• Overstretching
• Acute inflammation

Question 11

DOMS is prevented and minimized by reducing the eccentric component of muscle action and the most effective method of treating DOMS is:

Answer 11

-Light exercise
- Massages
- Ice baths
- Warming up and cooling down
- Start training at low intensity and gradually increasing the intensity