Option C.5

Question 1

C.5.2 Describe the risk of osteoporosis in males and females

Answer 1

low bone mineral density can lead to osteoporosis which leaves a person more vulnerable to fracturing bones-> mostly females post menopause

Question 1

C.5.1 Outline how bone density changes from birth to old age

Answer 1

Bone mass density increases from birth through to around 35-45 years of age. Typically females achieve a lower-peak bone density than males. From this age onwards, bone mass density decreases (a decrease in female bone density occurs rapidly after the menopause as women age)

increases from birth to the age of 35–45;

decreases from then on;

age of peak bone density is dependent on gender;

Question 2

2 factors determine whether or not a person develops osteoporosis:

Answer 2

->Their peak bone mass as a young adult
->The rate of bone loss with aging
exercise can affect both of these factors

Question 3

C.5.3 Outline the longer-term consequences of osteoporosis in males and females

Answer 3

Fractures and broken bones occur a lot more regularly in osteoporotic patients. Not only does osteoporosis increase the chances of a fracture, but the severity it brings. Some studies suggest that 20% of elderly people die within one year of a hip fracture because of the trauma it causes. ​

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Osteoporotic fractures lead to disability, loss of independence and impairment in quality of life. Secondary complications can also occur with patients spending a prolonged time in hospital, such as loss of more bone mass due to a lack of physical activity and other complications such as pneumonia. ​

Question 4

C.5.4 Discuss the major risk factors for osteoporosis

Answer 4

a lack of dietary calcium especially in youth and adolescents can reduce bone density ✔

toxins and free radicals produced by cigarette smoking affect the balance of estrogen ✔

cigarette smoking can damage osteoblasts ✔

having lower bone density compared to other build types makes ectomorphs more susceptible to osteoporosis
OR
a low BMI increases the risk of osteoporosis ✔

early menopause in older women which leads to reduced estrogen levels can reduce bone density ✔

Question 5

C.5.5 Discuss the relationship between physical activity and bone health

Answer 5

exercise can positively influence bone health making them stronger;

increases bone mineral density early in life
OR
the impact is more significant early in life;

reduces the loss of bone/osteoporosis from middle age onwards;

resistance training/weight-bearing activities are more effective than endurance exercise;

weight bearing is better than non-weight bearing (eg swimming);

during physical activity contracting muscles that cross a joint, compress bones to maintain and enhance bone health;

bones must be compressed or pushed up to promote optimal bone mass. Weight-bearing activities compress bones;

high impact exercise can be detrimental to joints;

in weight-conscious individuals, intense physical activity may give rise to low body weight and therefore osteoporosis.