Unit 2.1

Question 1

State composition of blood

Answer 1

Plasma (55%)
-Yellowy liquid containing mainly water (91%).
-Soluble blood proteins (7%).
-Hormones.
-Electrolytes (salts).
-Nutrients.
Cellular component (<1%)
-White blood cells and
-Platelets
Red Blood Cells (45%)

Question 2

Systolic Blood Pressure

Answer 2

This is the force exerted on arterial walls when the ventricles are contracting.

Question 3

Diastolic Blood Pressure

Answer 3

This is the force exerted on arterial walls when the ventricles are relaxing.

Question 4

Talk about systolic and aerobic exercise and weight training impact on diastolic and systolic BP

Answer 4

Aerobic = Raises SBP, only a small rise in DBP.

Weight Training = Large Raises of SBP, large raise of DBP.
Larger muscle groups = larger change.

Question 5

Talk about systolic and dynamic and static exercise impact on diastolic and systolic BP

Answer 5

Dynamic Exercise = Slight raise in SBP, no raise in DBP

Static Exercise = Large raise in SBP, small raise in DBP

Question 6

Talk about heart structure

Answer 6

Heart - an involuntary muscle with
striated muscle fibers (myocardium).
Atria - (left & right) receiving blood
from the body. Have thin walls bc they
only have to pump to the ventricles
Ventricles - (left & right) they are thick
as they propel blood from the heart to
body
Valves - prevent backflow by shutting
when the heart relaxes
1. Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid &
bicuspid/mitral) 2. Pulmonary and
Aortic Semilunar Valve

Question 7

Talk about intrisinc regulation of heart

Answer 7

• Starts in the right atrium
• A cardiac impulse is initiated from the sino-atrial
  (SA) node (pacemaker)
• The impulse causes the atria to contract
• Cardiac impulse reaches and activates the
  atrioventricular (AV) node
• This passes the impulse down Bundle of His (in
  the septum of the heart)
• Bundle of his splits left and right, up around the
  heart (Purkinje fibers)
• The impulse is spread around the walls of ventricles causing them to contract
• Ventricles relax and the cycle starts again

Question 8

Talk about extrinsic regulation of heart

Answer 8

Parasympathetic nervous system

Its general function is to control homeostasis and the body’s rest-and-digest response.

Function:
Control the body’s response while at rest.

Activates response of:
Rest and digest

Originates in:
Sacral region of spinal cord

Cardiovascular System (heart rate):
Decreases heart rate

Sympathetic nervous system
Function:
Control the body’s response during perceived threat.

Originates in:
Thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord

Activates response of:
Fight-or-flight

Cardiovascular System (heart rate):
Increases contraction, heart rate

Question 9

Outline the relationship between pulmonary and systemic circulation

Answer 9

Pulmonary Circulation - carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart

Systemic Circulation - carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Question 10

Describe the relationship between heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume at rest and during exercise

Answer 10

When the body starts to exercise there is a higher demand of oxygen, causing heart rate,
stroke volume and cardiac output to increase

Question 11

Cardiac output equation

Answer 11

Q = SV x HR

Question 12

Heart Rate (HR)

Answer 12

the number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm)

Question 13

Stroke Volume (SV)

Answer 13

• the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle per beat (litres)

Question 14

Cardiac Output (Q)

Answer 14

• the amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute (liters)

Question 15

Basal Heart Rate

Answer 15

when HR is reduced to a min (ex. sleeping)

Question 16

Venous Return

Answer 16

the amount of blood returned to the right side of the heart
- Less blood returned meaning heart rate is increased

Question 17

Analyse cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate data for Males vs Females at
rest and during exercise

Answer 17

Heart Rate - lower in males than females (exept max)
Stroke Volume - higher in males (body size plays a role)
Cardiac Output - higher in males

Question 18

Trained vs Untrained cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate

Answer 18

Heart Rate - trained have a lower heart at rest and during maximal exercise

Stroke Volume - trained have a larger stroke volume at rest and during maximal exercise

Cardiac Output - same during rest and sub-maximal exercise, but trained have higher during
maximal exercise

Question 19

Young vs Old Untrained cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate

Answer 19

Heart Rate - higher in children than adults
Stroke Volume - lower in children than adults
Cardiac Output - smaller in children than adults

Question 20

Cardiovascular drift

Answer 20

After a long period of steady state exercise, less blood returns to the heart. Loss of blood plasma through sweating and our body sending blood to the skin to lose heat is the cause of this.
There is literally less blood volume, which means stroke volume decreases.
To cope with the lower Stroke Volume, our heart rate increases to maintain Cardiac Output.

Question 21

Arteries structure and functions

Answer 21

Carry high pressure blood
Thick wall lumen
Elastic walls to cope high pressure
Usually carry oxygenated blood (expect pulmonary artery)

Question 22

Vein structure and functions

Answer 22

Carry low pressure blood
Valves to prevent backflow of blood to bring deoxygenated blood back to heart (expect pulmonary vein)
Wide lumen

Question 23

Capillary structure and functions

Answer 23

Once cell thick
Allows diffusion of glucose and oxygen

Question 24

Redistribution of blood in exercise and rest

Answer 24

During rest blood will move to organs (ex. digestion)
Approx 80% to organs and 20% to mucles
at rest blood more evenly distributed amongst organs

During exercise blood will move towards the muscles

more then 80% blood to muscles less then 20% to organs
Vasodilation to muscles, vasoconstriction at other organs

Question 25

Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption in selected groups
Age
Trained vs untrained
Male vs female

Answer 25

Age - decreases with age
Trained vs Untrained - higher in trained and lower in untrained
Male vs Female - higher in males than females

Question 26

Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption with different modes of
exercise

Answer 26

When running on a treadmill, the VO₂ max will be higher because more muscles are being
used, compared to arm ergometry where the participant is sitting down and only using their
arms, which requires less oxygen going to the muscles. However, cycling requires more
oxygen than arm ergometry

Question 27

Describe the cardiovascular adaptations resulting from endurance exercise training

Answer 27

⟶ Resting heart rate decreases
⟶ Stroke volume/left ventricular volume increases
↳ because of heart hypertrophy
⟶ Increased capillarization
↳ the muscles are surrounded by an increase in capillaries that allow more oxygen
supply
⟶ Arterio-venous oxygen difference increases
↳ this is due to adaptations in the mitochondria, increased myoglobin and improved
capillarization

Increase in red blood cell number (greater oxygen capacity)