Unit 1.1 Flashcards
The skeleton can be thought of as 2 main divisions:
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
What is axial skeleton
The axial skeleton as the name implies, consists of those parts near the skeletal axis (the skull, the vertebral column, the ribs and sternum).
What is appendicular skeleton
appendicular skeleton, consists of:
the pectoral girdle (scapulae and clavicles) and upper extremities (humerous, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges).
The pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium and pubis) and lower extremities (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges).
Functions of the Axial Skeleton
Axial Skeleton = PAMS
Protection (e.g. skull, ribs & sternum, vertebral column)
Attachment
Movement
Support
Functions of the appendicular skeleton
Appendicular skeleton = MR BAMS
Mineral Reservoir
Blood Cell Formation
Attachment
Movement
Support
Types of bones
Long Bones (e.g., femur)
Short Bones (e.g., carpals)
Flat Bones (e.g., scapula)
Irregular Bones (e.g., vertebrae)
Long Bones example
femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, the metatarsals, metacarpals and phalanges.
Functions long bone
Long bones contain red bone marrow for producing blood cells.
Long bones have a long shaft containing yellow bone marrow.
They are responsible for a lot of movement and often act as levers.
Short bones function
provide stability to the wrist and ankle joints and also help facilitate some movements
All short bones
The carpals in the wrist and the tarsals in the foot are examples of short bones.
Flat bone examples
Cranium, Sternum, ribs, pelvis
Function flat bones
protection for delicate areas, for example, the cranium protects the brain.
areas for muscle attachment, for example, many of the muscles of the lower back and legs attach to the wide flat bone of the pelvis.
Irregular bone funciton
perform a particular function
Irregular bone example
Vertebrae and patella
What are the main part of structure long bone
Diaphysis (compact bone)
Epiphysis (spongy bone)
Articular cartilage
Bone marrow cavity
Blood vessel
Periosteum
Outline anatomical terms to the location of bones
Superior - above
Inferior - below
Proximal- closest too
Distal- further away
Lateral - side
Medial - middle
Anterior - front
Posterior - back
What is cartilage
Cartilage is a hard, strong connective tissue that provides support for some soft tissues and forms a sliding area for joints so that bones can move easily.
What is ligament
A ligament is a band of tough fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another, serving to support and strengthen a joint.
What is tendon
Tendons connect muscles to bones. They are specialized skeletal structures that generally transmit muscular pull to bones.
Define joint
A joint is where two or more bones articulate.
What are the three classifications of joints:
Fibrous – These joints have a thin layer of fibrous tissue connecting the edges of the two bones. This is continuous with the periosteum and no movement is allowed at these joints. An example would be the sutures in the skull.
Cartilaginous – In these joints, the bones can be separated by a fibrocartilage disc (e.g., the intervertebral disc located between adjacent vertebrae), or by a thick layer of hyaline cartilage (e.g., connecting the ribs to the sternum). There is limited movement allowed at these joints.
Synovial – these are the most commonly occurring joints in the body and are the most important joints for mobility. They have several distinctive features, which will be outlined next.
Features of a synovial joint include
Articular cartilage
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Bursae
Meniscus
Ligaments
Articular capsule
Articular cartilage (aka hyaline cartilage) function
provides protection where the bones attach, can handle stress, but slow healing time when injured.
Synovial membrane function
secretes synovial fluid for lubrication so that bones can move freely…grows thick during injury/arthritis (inflammation).
