Unit 4 Part 2 - Microbiology Flashcards
single colony isolation was developed by ___ on a spoiling slice of boiled potato
robert koch
bacteria that maintains its color after treatment with acid solutions
acid-fast bacilli (AFB)
special acid-base stain used to identify AFB
AFB stain
Ziehl-Neelson stain
a spray of fine particles in the air
aerosol
extract of seaweed used to grow bacteria
agar
a sterile petri dish in which agar is solidified
agar plate
a tube in which agar is allowed to solidify at an angle
agar slant
an organism that grows without O2
anaerobe
a routine used to prevent contamination and to maintain sterility
aseptic technique
rod-shaped bacteria
bacillus
one-celled microorganisms
bacteria
study of bacteria
bacteriology
tiny bacteria that are intracellular parasites, responsible for causing STD/STI
chlamydia
sperical-shapred bacteria
coccus
mass of bacteria growing on a media
colony
the act of growing bacteria on a media
culture
the act of growing a microorganism and testing to determine which antibiotic is effective
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
bacteria that stains pink/red with gram’s stain
gram negative
bacteria that stains blue/purple with a grams stain
gram positive
crystal violet, iodine, alcohol-acetone & safranin
used to differentiate between gram + and gram - bacteria
Gram’s stain
most common gram + are
cocci
most common gram - are
bacilli
introduction of microorganism to media
inoculation
a wire with a loop at one end and a handle on the other, heated and used to inoculate or transfer bacteria
inoculation loop
a smaller loop calibrated to 1 microliter used to plant urines
loop must be placed in vertical position in urine than inoculated onto media
calibrated loop
the study of living microorganisms that can cause infection and/or disease in humans
medical microbiology
a soli or liquid substance containing nutrients on which to grow bacteria
media
substance that can cause dye to stick to an object (ex. iodine)
mordant
the study of fungi (mushrooms, lichens)
mycology
bacteria normally found in the body
ex. staph on skin, e.coli in colon
normal flora
an organism that lives off another living creature
ex. tape worm
parasite
the study of parasites
parasitology
disease-causing microorganisms
pathogens
flat plastic plate with a cover used to hold media
petri dish
the presence of microorganisms in the blood
septicemia
spiral-shaped organisms
spirilla
mucous secretions from the lungs
sputum
used to transport microorganisms to the lab to e cultured
keeps microorganisms alive so they can be cultured
transport media
the study of viruses
virology
the section of the lab that identifies organisms which cause illness
microbiology dept
infection spread in a health care facility
also called healthcare-associated infection (HAI)
nosocomial infection
candida albicans, molds are examples of
fungi
worms, malaria, amoebas, trichomonas vaginitis are examples of
parasites
tiny bacteria that resemble both bacteria and viruses (have ability to change shape) and cannot survive outside cell of a host
ex. typhus, rocky mountain spotted fever
rickettsiae
smaller than bacteria, very difficult to grow and treat
viruses
robust and metabolically dormant structures produced by a process of sporulation to prevail over harsh and unfavorable climatic conditions of starvation and stress
formed by microorganisms
spores
___ spores can survive drought, extreme temperatures and low pH
bacterial
once favorable conditions return, protective proteins dissolve the ___ coating and vegetative cell functions resume
spore
___ media is used to examine shape, size, and color
solid
___ media is used to examine for production of gas, odor, or change in pH
liquid
categories of media
supportive/basal
enrichment
selective
differential
media that supplies minimum requirements for growth, usually clear
ex. Mueller Hinton (MH)
supportive/basal
media that inhibits growth of normal flora and enhances growth of pathogens
ex. Chocolate agar (CA) and Blood agar (BA)
enrichment media
media that inhibits growth of some organisms while enhancing growth of others
used for sputum and stool cultures
ex. Salmonella - Shigella (SS)
Mannitol salt agar - for staph aureus
Lim broth - vaginal/anorectal swabs for Group B strep
MacConkey’s
selective media
media that has indicators that some bacteria will use (pink) and others won’t (colorless)
ex. MacConkey’s
differential
3 most common media used in mbio lab
BA
MAC
CA
order of inoculation
Supportive
Enrichment
Differential
Selective
large colony with little if any hemolysis
staphylococcus
small colony with large amount of hemolysis
streptococcus
types of hemolysis
beta - complete
alpha - incomplete
gamma - no hemolysis
three-phase streaking pattern
T-streak
indicator used for anaerobic organisms
methylene blue
when using anaerobic jar, blue color indicates
aerobes
when using anaerobic jar, white color indicates
anaerobes
requires 21% oxygen
aerobic bacteria
grow in the absence of oxygen
anaerobic
can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen
facultative anaerobes
must have 5% oxygen
ex. Campylobacter
microaerophilic
grows in the presence of 5-10% CO2
ex. Neisseria gonorrhea
capnophilic
___ of bacteria is H2O
80%
___ humidity is required in the incubator
70%
most bacteria that affect humans require an isotonic environment (__ saline)
pH 7.2-7.6
temp 35-37°C
0.9%
4 stages of bacterial growth
- lag
- log
- stationary
- death
adjustment period to new medium and environment, prepping for growth (8 hours)
lag phase
very rapid growth period, number of bacteria doubles in proportion to time (36 hours)
log phase
nutrients are used up, balance between cell growth and cell death (few hours)
stationary phase
bacteria stop multiplying
death phase
culture plates are incubated for ___ before colonies appear
18-24 hours
most plates are incubated no longer than ___
48 hours
throat swabs are planted on __ and look for ___
BA
group A strep
urine is planted on __ using ___
looking for E. coli, staphylococcus saprophyticus and other UTI causing organisms from Enterobacteriaceae family
BA, MAC
calibrated loop
vaginal swabs (pregnancy) are planted on ___ and looking for ___
LIM broth, then after 24 hours incubation plate to BA
group B strep
ear swabs are planted on ___ and looking for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis, Pseudomionas aeruginosa
CA, BA, MAC
eye swabs are planted on ___ and looking for Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumonia
usually done for ___
CA then BA
conjunctivitis or pink eye
urethral swabs are planted on ___ and looking for ___
thayer martin plate (TM)
Neisseria gonorrrhoeae
another swab that is used to look for GC
cervix swabs, sometimes throat
why are vaginal swabs not acceptable for GC
normal flora in vagina has other Neisseria organisms
sputum specimens are planted on ___ and looking for Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella species
CA, BA, MAC
gram stain for sputum has to show a lot of __ (>25/LPF) to be accepted
pus cells
gram stain for sputum showing a lot of __ cells will be rejected
epithelial
___ cultures are not acceptable in most respiratory specimens
anaerobic
CSF is planted on ___ and looks for ___
BA, CA
Neisseria meningitidis
wound swabs are planted on ___
CA, BA, MAC, anaerobic media when necessary
stool is planted on
BA/MAC
then pick one of: HE, XLD, SS Agar
then plate on:
Campylobacter BA
MAC sorbital agar
CIN (cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin)
famous 5 species in stool
salmonella
shigella
campylobacter
E.coli
Yersinia
media used for vibrio species
TCBS (thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose)
campylobacter must be inoculated on ___ and in a microaerophilic jar (5% O2)
skirrow’s media
patients weighing more than ___ or approximately ___ years of age must have 40 mL of blood drawn from two different venipunctures within 1 hour
27 kg, over 9 years of age
venipunctures must be washed ___ for a minimum of 15 seconds with ___
twice, chlorhexidine-gluconate alcohol
types of mbio stains
grams stain
acid-fast stain (Zeihl-Neelson stain)
trichrome
india ink stain
stain used for AFB like TB or leprosy
AFB stain, Ziehl-Neelson stain
stain that identifies intestinal protozoa
trichrome
stain that identifies yeast that infects CSF
india ink stain
gram stain procedure
dye - crystal violet
mordant - iodine
wash - distilled H2O
decolorizer - ethyl alcohol-acetone mix
rinse - distilled H2O
counter stain - safranin
rinse - distilled H2O
gram pos cocci
strep throat
gram neg cocci
gonorrhea
gram pos rods
diptheria
gram neg rods
salmonella
H. pylori is planted on
skirrows and CA
used to clinically counteract infections
antimicrobials/antibiotics
2 types of antibiotics
broad
narrow
antibiotics active against a wide range of pathogenic organisms
ex. tetracycline, gentamicin
used to combat gram +, gram - and chlamydia
used when source of infection unknown
broad
antibiotics active against one major group of pathogenic organisms
ex. penicillin (used for gram + infections) and vancomycin
narrow
for C&S, patients cannot use laxative, enemas, or antibiotics for __ prior to collection of specimen
1 week
disk diffusion method is measured using
diameter
exceptions to being stored in fridge
CSF and gonorrhea
transport media for GC
aimes charcoal transport media
transport media for O&P
SAF (sodium acetate fixative)
transport media for stool and rectal swabs
cary blair transport media
