Unit 2 Part 1 Flashcards
word elements
prefix
combining vowel
root
suffix
added before the root (beginning)
prefix
main part of the word
root
added to the end of the root (ending)
suffix
created by joining a prefix, combining vowel, root or suffix
combining form
usually an o
combining vowel
two types of suffixes
diagnoses
procedures
suffix that refers to a disease condition or symptoms
ex. -itis -algia
diagnostic suffixes
refers to procedures used in patient care
ex. -oscopy
procedural suffixes
the study of body structure
anatomy
the study of how the body functions or works
physiology
levels of organization from smallest to largest
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
the most basic level of human body organization
chemical level
smallest living unit of structure and function, made up of chemicals that carry out specific reactions
cellular level
group of cells that work together to accomplish one or more specific functions
tissue level
group of tissues arranged so as to accomplish specific functions
organ level
a flat surface, imaginary or real that cuts through the body
body planes
4 basic body planes
frontal
medial
sagittal
transverse
divides the body vertically into front and back portions (doesn’t have to be equal)
frontal
divides the body into equal left and right portions (have to be equal)
medial
divides the body vertically into left and right portions (not equally)
sagittal
divides the body horizontally into upper and lower portions (doesn’t have to be equal)
transverse
state of equilibrium
homeostasis
stopping bleeding
hemostasis
encloses contents of a cell, provides protective barrier that selectively allows certain substances to move in and out when needed
cell membrane
commonly thought of as the control centre of the cell as it governs the function of the cell
nucleus
contains mostly H2O with dissolved nutrients and fills up the rest of the cell membrane
cytoplasm
main function is to help with cell metabolism by ingesting and dissolving unwanted parts of the cell, cell debris or foreign substances that have entered the cell
lysosome
used as source of chemical energy, powerhouse of the cell, has small circular chromosome
mitochondria
mitochondrial DNA are passed from ____ to offspring and last longer
mother
cell difference between plants and humans
plants have chloroplasts
system that is a barrier to pathogens and chemicals
integumentary
integumentary system consists of
skin
hair
sweat glands
subcutaneous tissue below skin
parts of the skin
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous
outer layer of the skin, constantly flaking off, contains pigment (melanin)
epidermis
layer below epidermis, nails and hair originate here, blood vessels and nerve endings
dermis
regulates temperature and fluid loss, responsible for skin color changes
blood vessels
provides sensations of heat, cold, pressure, pain and touch
nerve endings
produce sweat for temperature regulation and elimination of waste
sweat glands
produce an oily substance that keeps skin soft
sebaceous glands
fatty tissue between dermis and muscles, provides layer of insulation and protection, stores fat for energy reserves
subcutaneous tissue
the largest organ of our body
skin
blood vessels dilate (get bigger), blood flow increases, more heat comes to skin and is lost in air
sweat glands produce more sweat
evaporation of sweat causes more ____ ____
heat loss
blood vessels constrict (get smaller), reducing heat at the skin surface
less perspiration produced, reducing evaporation
shivering occurs (rapid muscle contractions) which produce heat
this results in a ____ of heat loss
decrease
system that provides framework that supports the body, protects internal organs from injury, provides movement, storage of fats and minerals and blood cell formation
skeletal system
blood cell formation occurs in
bone marrow
organs of skeletal system
bones
ligaments
types of bone tissue
long
short
flat
irregular
bones of the arms, legs, hands and feet
long bones
bones of the wrists and ankles
short bones
ribs, shoulder blades, hip bones, cranial bones
flat bones
vertebrae and facial bones
irregular bones
provides support for the weight of head, neck and trunk
protects spinal cord
maintains upright body position
vertebrae
the vertebrae consists of __ bones
26
parts of vertebrae, number and location
cervical: 7, neck
thoracic: 12, chest
lumbar: 5, back
sacrum: curved, bottom
coccyx: 3-5, tail bone
lack of weight bearing exercise causes loss of ___
calcium
there are over ___ bones in the human body
200
calcified and rigid tissue
bone
gelatinous and flexible pad of tissue at the end of bones to absorb shock
cartilage
connects muscle to bone
tendon
connects bone to bone
ligament
connects bones so they can move
joints
sac of fluid surrounding a joint
bursa
blood cell formation
hematopoeisis
this system’s main function is to move the skeleton
muscular system
organs of the muscular system
muscles and tendons
muscular system is made up of over ___ muscles, most of which are attached to bones by tendons
600
types of muscle tissue
skeletal or striated
smooth or visceral
cardiac
voluntary muscles attached to bone, multi-nuclei
skeletal or striated
involuntary muscle that lines walls of internal organs such as intestines or veins and arteries, usually one cell with one nucleus
smooth or visceral
heart muscle, striated but has one nucleus
cadiac
moving away from centre
abduction
moving towards the centre
adduction
bending of joint
flexing
straightening of limb
extension
straightening of limb beyond its capability
hyperextension
face down or hands palm down
pronation
face up or hands palm up
supination
turning limb towards body
internal rotation
turning limb away from body
external rotation
shrinkage of muscle due to lack of use
atrophy
term for muscle pain
myalgia
waste product produced by the muscles
lactic acid
system that allows communication throughout the body and regulates body function, detects sensations, controls body movement and physiological functions, controls intellectual processes
nervous system
division of nervous system
autonomic
somatic
involuntary division, conduct impulses that affect the organ, vessels and glands
autonomic
voluntary division, conducts impulses that allow an individual to consciously control skeletal muscles
somatic
central nervous system consists of
brain and spinal cord
part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating all mental activities of thinking, voluntary movement, interpreting sensations and emotions
cerebrum
part of the brain that coordinates muscle activities and balance
cerebellum
part of the brain that controls involuntary movements of vital organs
brain stem
extends from brain down spinal column, connects PNS and brain, protected by vertebrae and spinal fluid, damage leads to paralysis
spinal cord
peripheral nervous system consists of
sense organs
motor nerves
group of tissue specifically designed to gather information in specific ways
sense organs
transmit movement commands from the brain and spinal cord to the body
motor nerves
specialized cells of the nervous system that conduct electric-like impulses (individual cells!)
fundamental unit of the nervous system
neurons
bundles of neurons held together by connective tissue
signals relayed in the form of impulses
carry either sensation or motor impulses
nerves
CSF tests in the lab are always done ____
STAT
three layers of membrane tissue that protects the brain and spinal cord
meninges
standing erect with feet parallel, arms at sides, eyes and palms facing forward
anatomic positon
sum of all physical and chemical reactions necessary to sustain life
metabolism
destructive process where complex substances are broken down into simple substances, usually with the release of energy
catabolism
constructive process by which the body converts simple compounds into complex substances needed to carry out cellular activities, usually requires input of energy
anabolism
flat or scale-like epithelial cells
squamous
layered cells
stratified
meaning it contains no blood or lymph vessels
avascular
part of neuron that carries messages to the nerve cell body
dendrites
part of neuron that carries messages away from the cell body
axons
caused by the breakdown of RBC and release of hgb
hemolysis
number 1 test affected by hemolysis
K (potassium)
tiny, non-raised red spots that appear on the patient’s skin when a tourniquet is applied
may be due to coag problems or abnormalities
petechiae
sudden, uncontrolled, electrical disturbance in the brain
seizures
another word for fainting
syncope
result of large amount of blood removal over a short period of time for testing
iatrogenic blood loss
caused by the accumulation of lipoprotein particles (higher fat content, milkier and thicker blood)
lipemia
sample is dark yellow to dark brown color, due to presence of bilirubin (waste product from red blood cells)
icteric
caused by a buildup of bilirubin (waste material in blood), inflamed liver or obstructed bile duct can also lead to this
jaundice
decrease in fluid content of blood, increase in non-filterable large molecules, caused by stagnation of normal venous flow due to tourniquet
hemoconcentration
avoid drawing blood from paralyzed arm because
increased chance of thrombosis (clots)
difficult to detect nerve injury
surgical breast removal, lymph nodes obstructed with removal of lymph nodes, can change blood composition
do not draw blood from side where this is done
mastectomy
swelling or mass of blood, bruise
hematoma
swelling caused by abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues, breakdown of cells releasing fluid and building up
edema
hardened veins
sclerosed
clotted veins
thrombosed
most common needle gauge for butterfly (winged infusion set)
23
if coagulation tube is one of the tests requested when doing the butterfly method, use a ___
red discard tube
angle used for butterfly method
15 degrees
