Unit 3 Part 1 Flashcards
also known as celsius
centigrade scale
freezing point of water in Celsius
0°C
boiling point of water in Celsius
100°C
a system of measurement not accurate enough to be used for science, used for most measurements in the USA
English (imperial system)
temperature scale used in the USA
farenheit scale
freezing point of water in Fahrenheit
32°F
boiling point of water in Fahrenheit
212°F
a basic metric unit of weight
gram
a system of time based on a 12-hr system with am and pm differentiating between morning and afternoon
Greenwich time
a basic unit of volume
litre
a basic unit of length
meter
a system of measurement used by the international scientific community, as well as most countries in the world, including Canada
metric system
a 24-hr clock used by most health care facilities, expressed in 4 digits, eliminating confusion when documenting information
military time
the relationship between two substances in degree or number
ratio
1 kilogram =
1000 grams
1 hectogram =
100 grams
1 decagram =
10 grams
1 decigram =
1/10 gram (0.1 gram)
*move decimal 1 time
1 centigram =
1/100 gram (0.01 gram)
*move decimal 2 times
1 milligram =
1/1000 gram (0.001 gram)
*move decimal 3 times
1 microgram =
1/1000000 gram (0.000001 gram)
*move decimal 6 times
1 nano gram =
1/1000000000 gram (0.000000001 gram)
*move decimal 9 times
1 ml =
1 cc (cubic centimeter)
the physical measurement of how much an object weighs, regardless of gravity
mass
the physical measurement of an object depending on the physical force of gravity
weight
on Earth, mass and weight are considered the same (t/f)
true
1 microlitre (ul) =
0.001 ml
converting Fahrenheit to Celsius formula
C = (5/9)(F-32)
C = (F-32)/1.8
converting Celsius to Fahrenheit formula
F = (9/5)(C+32)
F = (1.8)(C+32)
dilutions are always expressed in ___
ratios
ABC formula
C/(A+B) = V
concentration formula
C1V1 = C2V2
defined as the amount of moles of a compound dissolved in an amount of solvent (usually water)
molarity
molarity formula
M = moles solute/liters of solution
gram molecular weight (GMW)
g/mol
a number expressing the central
average
3 types of averages
mean
median
mode
the average you’re used to, where you add up all the numbers and then divide by the number of numbers
mean
the middle value in the list of numbers
to find this, your numbers have to be listed in numerical order, so you may have to rewrite your list
median
the value that occurs most often
if no number is repeated, then there is none of this for the list
mode
a measure of dispersion of a set of data from its mean
the more spread apart, the higher the deviation
standard deviation
refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value
accuracy
refers to the closeness of two or more measurements to each other
precision
refers to the degree of accuracy and precision over an extended period of time under rugged conditions
reliability
statistical measures of the performance of a binary classification test
sensitivity and specificity
also called the true positive rate, measures the proportion of actual positives which are correctly identified as such
eg. the percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as having the condition
sensitivity
also called the true negative rate, measures the proportion of negatives which are correctly identified as such
eg. the percentage of healthy people who are correctly identified as not having the condition
specificity
1 issue for medical professionals
back problems
proper use of the human body to do work, avoid injury and strain (using the right muscles to do the job)
body mechanics
strong ___ muscles support the spine and back muscles
abdominal
your ___ is achieved by keeping your centre of gravity within your base of support
balance
part of the body that bears the most weight
feet should be 12 inches apart
base of support
point where equal weight is above, below, and to each side
centre of gravity
your centre of gravity must be within your base of support
balance
lower limb structure is designed for
power and support
spinal structure is designed for
posture
the spine is more stable when ___
straight
the study of people’s efficiency in their working environment and is a very important factor in the well being of workers
ergonomics
how many basic principles of ergonomics are there?
10
principle 1 of ergonomics
work in neutral postures
principle 2 of ergonomics
reduce excessive force
principle 3 of ergonomics
keep everything in easy reach
principle 4 of ergonomics
work at proper heights
principle 5 of ergonomics
reduce excessive motions
principle 6 of ergonomics
minimize fatigue and static load
principle 7 of ergonomics
minimize pressure points
principle 8 of ergonomics
provide clearance
principle 9 of ergonomics
move, excercise and stretch
principle 10 of ergonomics
maintain a comfortable environment
the semi-circle that your arms make as you reach out
reach envelope
excessive pressure points are sometimes called
contact stress
living things
organisms
living things so small that they can only be seen through a microscope
microorganisms
disease causing microorganisms
pathogens
microorganisms that may or may not be pathogens
bacteria
bacteria normally found in the body
normal flora
condition in body tissue in which pathogens have multiplied and destroyed many cells
infection
uncontaminated by harmful microorganisms
clean
contaminated by harmful microorganisms
dirty
free of disease-causing organisms
asepsis
preventing the conditions that allow pathogens to live, multiply and spread
also called clean technique
medical asepsis
a technique that destroys more pathogens than medical asepsis
also called sterile technique
surgical asepsis
most common bacteria in the gut that are present in feces, and can be carried to the urinary tract to cause an infection
E. coli
when the body is invaded by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, the resulting condition is known as ___
an infection
infection acquired after admission to a health care facility is called
nosocomial infection or healthcare associated infection (HAI)
objects that can harbour infectious agents and transmit infections
fomites
a biological agent or condition that is a hazard to humans and the environment
biological hazard
5 biohazard exposure routes
airborne
ingestion
nonintact skin
percutaneous
permucosal
the highest level that a healthy person can be exposed to a substance without ill effects
different for everyone
threshold limit values (TLV)
doing everything reasonable to protect the health and safety of individuals
due diligence
respiratory illness
diagnosed by Mantoux test and chest x-ray and sputum cultures for AFB (acid-fast bacilli)
can infect other body sites like skin and lymph nodes
tuberculosis (TB)
common infection in hospitals and in the community (pneumonia, skin infections)
is resistant to methicillin and needs vancomycin (stronger antibiotic)
methicillin-resistant staph aureus (MRSA)
first identified in Japan in 1997 and has been found in hospitals elsewhere in Asia, as well as the UK, France, US and Brazil
resistant to vancomycin
vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)
bacteria normally found in the bowel (gut), may cause an infection in an individual with a compromised immune system
resistant to all antibiotics, even vancomycin
spred by fecal-oral route
vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)
bacteria found in the gut that releases toxins that can cause bloating and diarrhea, with abdominal pain that could become severe
cannot use alcohol based hand cleanser to get rid of this
clostridium difficile
infection of the liver
hepatitis
chicken pox
rubella
measles
mumps
whooping cough
polio
childhood communicable diseases
infectious agent found in the blood
blood borne pathogens
living conditions for microorganisms
moisture
temperature (body or room temp)
darkness
nourishment
most common mode of infection
spread through touching, rubbing, and body secretions
direct contact
spread through clothing, bedding, instruments, specimen containers, etc. (fomites)
indirect contact
spread through coughing or sneezing, where droplets are relatively large (>5 um)
droplet spread
spread through water, food, drugs, blood
common vehicle
spread by particles <5 um, carried by moisture or dust particles in the air, which are inhaled
air borne
spread via intermediate hosts such as insects or animals
vector borne
6 common ways that microbes are spread
direct contact
indirect contact
droplet spread
common vehicle
air borne
vector borne
the iceberg effect
treat everybody as infectious
most commonly acquired infection in health care facilities is
urinary tract infections (UTI)
most common bacteria that causes UTI
E. coli
dedicated to preventing infections for all individuals requiring care in a region
the infection prevention & control (IP&C) program
6 parts of the chain of infection
infectious agent
reservoir host
portal of exit
route of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host
part of the infection cycle that is the disease causing organism (pathogen)
infectious agent
place in which microorganisms can thrive and reproduce
reservoir host
place of exit for microorganisms to leave the reservoir (mouth, nose, body fluid)
portal of exit
how the infectious agent travels to the new host (direct contact, air, insects, etc.)
route of transmission
how the infectious agent enters the new host (respiratory, GI tract, urinary, reproductive)
portal of entry
a person capable fo being infected, people with suppressed immune systems
susceptible host
two serious diseases that can cause significant risk to a MLA/phlebotomist
hepatitis
AIDS
why are you more likely to get hepatitis than AIDS?
need very little amount of hepatitis particles to get infected
most common form of viral hepatitis
spread by fecal-oral routs
clears in a few weeks with no lasting effects
hep A
spread through infected blood products and sexual contact
has an effective vaccine, available to all healthcare workers
hep B
spread by infected blood products and sexual contact
no vaccine
hep C
transmitted through blood and sexual contact, virus known as HIV attacks the immune system
AIDS
with needle stick injuries, bleeding is encouraged (t/f)
true
you should squeeze the site if you get a needle stick injury (t/f)
false
wearing gloves replaces hand washing (t/f)
false
the most effective method in reducing the transmission of microorganisms
hand washing
when hand washing, friction gets rid of the organism (t/f)
true
4 different types of microorganisms
protozoa
fungi
bacteria
viruses
2 types of infection
localized
generalized
infection that is confined to one area
localized
SHARP acronym
S - swelling
H - heat
A - aching
R - redness
P - pus
infection that is spread throughout the entire body
generalized
your body’s most important defense against infection
intact skin
line the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts
produce mucous that traps foreign materials that can cause damage
mucous membranes
fine microscopic hairs that line the respiratory tract and propel the mucous and trapped foreign materials out of the body
cilia
remove foreign materials from the respiratory tract
coughing and sneezing
produced in the stomach and is a strong chemical that is harmful to most microorganisms
hydrochloric acid
cells that specialize in fighting infections
WBC
protect your eyes with a flushing action and special chemicals
tears
an acid that is effective in killing some microorganisms
saliva
3 types of precautions
standard precautions (used to be called universal)
transmission-based precautions
protective precautions
routine activities recommended for all individuals at all times to protect health care workers from exposure to pathogens
everyone treated as infectious
hand washing done always
standard precautions
3 types of transmission-based precautions
contact
air borne
droplet
precautions based for patients known or to be suspected to be infected by highly transmissible pathogen
transmission-based precautions
precautionary measure taken when there is risk of an infection being transmitted via direct or indirect contact with surfaces or patient care items
ex. Clostridium difficile
contact precaution
precautionary measures taken with patients that have been or suspected to be infected with a pathogen transmitted by airborne droplet
particles smaller than 5 microns
ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
airborne precautions
precautionary measures taken with patients that have been or suspected to be infected with a pathogen transmitted by airborne droplet
particles greater than 5 microns
ex. Mumps
droplet precautions
protective barriers required to protect patient from being infected by health care workers and others
usually done with patients that are more susceptible to infections - HIV, chemotherapy, burn and transplant patients
protective/reverse isolation
order when donning (putting on) PPE
gown
mask
goggles/face shield
gloves
order when removing (taking off) PPE
gloves
gown
goggles/face shield
mask
labs that deal with biological hazards that are low risk
ex. bleeding station
containment level 1
classification of labs that most labs fall into, where primary exposure hazards associated with the organisms is through ingestion, inoculation, mucous membrane
containment level 2
labs that handle agents transmitted by airborne route, often need small amount to produce ill effects, and can cause serious or fatal disease
containment level 3
are suspensions of particles in the air that may enter the body through the respiratory tract
aerosols
code red
fire
code pink
infant abduction
code orange
medical emergency
code yellow
missing patient
code green
evacuation
code blue
cardiac arrest/emergency
code white
violent patient
code black
bomb threat
code purple
hostage taking
code brown
chemical spill
code grey
external air exclusion
code silver
armed intruder
code alert
severe/significant weather situation
basic 5 hazards in the lab
chemical
physical
biological
ergonomic
psychosocial
hazards that are flammable, toxic
chemical hazards
hazards that are caused by physical aspects of the environment
eg. radiation, temperature, mechanical
physical hazards
hazards that involve microorganisms that are caplable of causing disease
biological hazards
hazards related to the design of the workplace which stress the body physically or mentally
ergonomic hazard
hazard where conditions of work causes psychological stress to the worker
psychosocial hazard
safety showers & eye wash stations should be within a __ walk from anywhere in the lab
10 second
safety showers & eye wash stations should be used for a minimum of __ after an accident
15 minutes
kit that includes absorbents and neutralizers to clean up acid, alkali, mercury, and other type of spills
chemical spill kit
device that separates a lab employee from a specimen by glass front
safety hood
HEPA
high efficiency particulate air filter
ventilation device that protects the user from chemicals/toxins
like a vacuum
fume hood
configured to protect the work on the surface
do not protect user as it pushes aerosols towards user
like a fan
laminar flow hoods
serve as the primary means to protect the laboratory worker and surrounding environment from pathogens, has circular airflow
biological safety cabinet
UV light only disinfects the __ part of surfaces
top
most damage is done in the first ____ after exposure to a hazardous substance
10 - 15 seconds
reaction that releases heat
exothermic
remember to always add ___ to ___
acid to water (A&W)
a spill is cleaned with a ____ dilution of bleach/disinfectant
1:10
when cleaning up the lab, use a ____ dilution of bleach/disinfectant
1:100
chemicals used to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, and are used to clean skin
antiseptics
disinfectants are generally used on ____
surfaces and instruments
antiseptics are usually used on ____
human skin
fire extinguisher classification for paper, wood, fabric, rubber and certain plastic material
class A
fire extinguisher classification for flammable liquids, oil, paint, fat, and gasoline
class B
fire extinguisher classification for electrical equipment
class C
fire extinguisher classification for combustible metals such as sodium, potassium, uranium and powdered aluminum
class D
a multipurpose extinguisher that can be used for all kinds of fires
ABC
PASS acronym for fire extinguishers
P - pull pin
A - aim
S - squeeze handle
S - sweep base of fire
3 things needed to start a fire
fuel
heat
oxygen
acronym used in the event of a fire
R - rescue individuals in danger
A - activate fire alarm
C - confine fire by closing windows and doors
E - extinguish fire with nearest fire extinguisher
chemical spills are the same as biological spills (t/f)
false
2 types of spills
small spills
big spills
spills you can clean up yourself or with the help of other staff members
small spills
spills you cannot clean up yourself or with the help of other staff members, need outside help
big spills
spillage where a bodily fluid (such as faeces, urine and blood) has been spilt
biological spill
when cleaning up a spill, allow a __ contact period
30 minute
when dealing with spills greater than 10 ml, move out of the area for ___ to allow aerosols to disperse and settle
10 - 30 minutes
holding the same position for a period of time
static load
