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Herzing College - MLA > Unit 4 Part 1 - Urinalysis > Flashcards

Unit 4 Part 1 - Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

oldest and most common test order

A

urinalysis

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2
Q

composition of urine

A

95% water
5% solutes (urea, Na, K, P and S ions, creatinine, uric acid)

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3
Q

absence of urine production

A

anuria

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4
Q

excessive urination at night

A

nocturia

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5
Q

decreased production of urine

A

oliguria

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6
Q

increased production of urine

A

polyuria

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7
Q

blood in the urine

A

hematuria

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8
Q

the yellow pigment that gives urine its color

A

urochrome

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9
Q

excessive beets and rhubarb (in alkaline urine) give urine a ___ color

A

red

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10
Q

excessive carrots and some antibiotics give urine a ___ color

A

yellow-orange

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11
Q

excessive clorets and amitryptiline give urine a ___ color

A

green, blue-green

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12
Q

excessive methyldopa and metronidazole give urine a ___ color

A

brown-black

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13
Q

presence of RBCs, hgb and myoglobin in urine gives it a ___ color

A

red, red-brown

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14
Q

presence of blood in urine gives it a ___ color

A

wine-red

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15
Q

presence of melanin and hgb in acid urine gives it a ___ color

A

brown-black

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16
Q

presence of bilirubin in urine gives it a ___ color

A

dark yellow, green-brown

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17
Q

normal volume of urine in newborns

A

25-350 ml/day

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18
Q

normal volume of urine in 1 year olds

A

300-600 ml/day

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19
Q

normal volume of urine in 10 year olds

A

750-1500 ml/day

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20
Q

normal volume of urine in adults

A

750-2000 ml/day

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21
Q

regulate the volume of fluid in the blood

keeps chemical components of the blood at constant level

A

kidneys

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22
Q

urine collected at any time and anywhere in a urine container, collected for routine urinalysis

A

random

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23
Q

specimen of choice for urinalysis and microscopic analysis

generally more concentrated, has higher levels

A

first morning specimen

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24
Q

collected in the middle of the process

patient urinates in the toilet, then the bottle, then toilet again

A

midstream

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25
Q

similar collection method as midstream, but urine contact with skin is prevented, and an antimicrobial wipe is used

A

midstream clean catch

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26
Q

collected using a sterile container, sterile straw and gray stopper tube with boric acid as preservative

A

urine for C&S

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27
Q

delay in urine processing and prolonged exposure at RT may result in microbial ___ and changes in pH (shift to __)

urine glucose may ___

A

growth, alkaline

decrease

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28
Q

urine is collected for a 24 hour period

patient discards first morning void, but all other ones are placed in container (including first morning specimen of the next day)

preservative may be added depending on the chemistry testing

A

24-hr collection

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29
Q

Do not void directly in the 24-hr container as it might contain a ___ preservative, and cause splashing

A

caustic

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30
Q

When measuring the volume of a 24 hr urine specimen, use a ___ to record the volume

A

graduated cylinder

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31
Q

what is the color of urine containers and why?

A

amber to protect from light in case of bilirubin

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32
Q

urine preservatives

A

tartaric acid
boric acid
sodium carbonate
hydrochloric acid
acetic acid

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33
Q

best specimen collection method

A

first morning (most concentrated)

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34
Q

specimens exceeding the 2 hour limit and have not been refrigerated is rejected due to

A

potential bacterial overgrowth and disintegration of cells and casts

could lead to errors in chemical urinalysis

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35
Q

should be done within 2 hours after collection

A

routine urinalysis

36
Q

3 parts of routine urinalysis

A
  1. physical examination
  2. chemical testing
  3. microscoping examination
37
Q

tests in routine urinalysis under physical examination

A

color
turbidity
specific gravity

38
Q

measures the weight of urine compared to the weight of water

1.000 - very dilute
1.030 - very concentrated

A

specific gravity

39
Q

specific gravity is done at the __ only when the chemical strip does not have specific gravity on the strip

A

physical

40
Q

physical examinations of urine are ___

A

subjective (personal impressions)

41
Q

___ is not done in routine urinalysis because it is unsafe and reliable, and volume is done in other special collections

A

odor

42
Q

device used to measure specific gravity, no longer used due to danger

A

refractometer

43
Q

chemical examination tests in routine urinalysis

A
  1. pH
  2. protein
  3. glucose
  4. ketones
  5. bilirubin
  6. blood
  7. nitrites
  8. urobilinogen
  9. leukocytes
  10. specific gravity
44
Q

main abnormalities being looked at in chemical examination, if urine is normal the rest should be negative

A

pH and SG

45
Q

tests the acidity or alkalinity of urine

A

pH

46
Q

increase of this in urine indicatedf kidney disease

A

protein

47
Q

presence in urine indicates increased blood glucose (diabetes)

A

glucose

48
Q

increased amounts of this in urine indicates diabetes or starvation

A

ketones

49
Q

checked in urine to test for liver disease

A

bilirubin

50
Q

present in urine during infection, trauma, cancer, kidney stones or other bleeding (menstruation)

A

blood

51
Q

presence of this in urine indicates presence of bacteria

A

nitrites

52
Q

tests urine for jaundice and other liver disorders

A

urobilinogen

53
Q

presence in urine could indicate kidney disease and UTI

A

leukocytes

54
Q

time for reading the urine strip starts at the time of __

A

blot

55
Q

performed when urinalysis renal workup is ordered (positive for blood, protein or leukocyte esterase)

A

urine microscopy

56
Q

provides information on presence of casts, cells, and other formed elements (crystals no longer reported)

A

urine renal workup

57
Q

microscopy is done on the ___ of centrifuged urine

A

sediment

58
Q

urine microscopy is examined under

A

high power (400x)

59
Q

oil immersion is used when examining

A

stains

60
Q

normal amount of epithelial cells, RBCs and WBCs (usually neutrophils) found in urine per high power field

A

1-3

61
Q

formed in the kidney tubules and expelled during kidney damage

main component is gel-like protein

A

casts

62
Q

4 factors that lead to formation of a cast

A
  1. decreased urine flow
  2. increased acidity (low pH)
  3. increased concentration (high SG)
  4. increased plasma proteins
63
Q

types of cells that can be found in urine

A

RBC
WBC
epithelial

64
Q

types of casts

A

RBC/WBC
Hyaline (most common)
Granular
Waxy (square ends)

  • most casts share rounded edges and parallel lines
65
Q

formed by the precipitation of urine salts when changes occur in the pH, temperature (form at low temperatures) or concentration of the urine

A

crystals

66
Q

most important aid in identification of urine crystals is

A

pH of urine

67
Q

2 kinds of crystals found in urine

A

form in acid
form in alkaline

68
Q

most common crystal found in acid pH, look like stars

A

calcium oxalate crystals

69
Q

type of crystal(s) that form in acidic urine

A

calcium oxalate (star-shaped, most common)
cystine crystals (hexagon-shaped)

70
Q

type of crystal(s) that form in alkaline urine

A

triple phosphate crystals (coffin-shaped)

71
Q

leading cause of UTI

A

E. coli

72
Q

parasite found in urine that is an indicator of an STD

A

trichomonas vaginalis

73
Q

examples of things that can be found in urine

A

fat droplets
debris from fibre
oil/air bubble
mucous
sperm
trichomonas vaginalis
bacteria
yeast (Candida albicans)
crystals - alkaline/acidic
casts - RBC/WBC, hyaline, granular, waxy
cells - WBC, RBC, epithelial

74
Q

very common and curable STD, passed from person to person during vaginal, oral and anal sex

A

chlamydia

75
Q

bacterial cause of chlamydia

A

chlamydia trachomatis

76
Q

test done for chlamydia and gonorrhea before

A

cervix/urethra samples sent for cultures

77
Q

chlamydia tests now

A

first catch urine test

78
Q

rapid method for detection of red blood cells in stool

A

fecal occult blood test (FOBT)

79
Q

FOBT is used for detection of

A

colorectal cancer

80
Q

diet for FOBT follows high ___ for ___ before test

A

fiber, 48 hrs/2 days

81
Q

Things to avoid when doing FOBT

A

vit C (excess of 250 mg per day)
iron supplements
aspirin/other medications that can cause GI irritation
toilet bowl cleaner
red meat
protect slides from heat, light or volatile liquids

82
Q

do not collect FOBT specimen when

A

during or 3 days after menstrual period
blood in urine
blleding hemorrhoids
iron supplements

83
Q

false positives for FOBT

A

red meat
aspirin (> 325 mg/dl) and ibuprofen and naproxen
alcohol in excess
bleeding

84
Q

false negatives for FOBT

A

an excessive amount of Vit C

85
Q

2 drops of __ is added to each slide and control area when doing FOBT

A

developer

86
Q

trace of __ color is positive for occult blood

A

blue

87
Q

FOBT usually repeated for __ consecutive bowel movements

A

3

Herzing College - MLA (14 decks)

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