Unit 2 Part 2 Flashcards
information signaling system that uses blood vessels as information channels, glands release hormones into the bloodstream
endocrine system
release hormones into the blood stream
glands
chemical messengers that regulate many functions in the body
hormones
externally secreting glands
sweat, mammary, salivary & lacrimal (tears)
exocrine glands
internally secreting glands (in the blood)
thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, pituitary, ovaries and testes, thymus
endocrine glands
composed of a right and left lobe on either side of the trachea, butterfly-shaped
thyroid gland
hormones secreted by the thyroid gland
T4 (thyroxine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)
calcitonin
hormones necessary to maintain a normal level of metabolism
T4 (thyroxine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)
hormone that lowers blood calcium
calcitonin
four small oval bodies located on the dorsal aspect of the thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
hormones secreted by the parathyroid gland
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
stimulates Vitamin D conversion to an active form
regulates phosphate levels
hormone that raises the calcium level in the blood
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
two small glands located on top of each kidney
adrenal gland
hormones released in response to fear, also known as epinephrin
adrenalin and noradrenalin
hormones secreted by this gland are:
glucocorticoids, cortisol, cortisone, (regulates sugars, fats and protein), aldosterone (regulates electrolytes), sex hormones
adrenal gland
located near and partially behind the stomach, consists of hormone producing cells called islets of Langerhans
pancreas
two hormones that Islets of Langerhans produces
insulin and glucagon
increases blood sugar levels
glucagon
decreases blood sugar levels
insulin
type of diabetes where insulin is not being produced
type 1
type of diabetes where insulin is not being used efficiently due to slight modifications (think of lock and key)
type 2
located below the thalamus, just above the brainstem, about the size of a pearl
hypothalamus
most important function of the hypothalamus
link nervous and endocrine systems via the pituitary gland
controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and attachment behaviors, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms
hypothalamus
the following are released by ___
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
vasopressin
dopamine
hypothalamus
small pea sized gland located at the base of the brain, often referred to as the “master gland”
pituitary gland
the following are released by ___
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Gonadotropic hormone
Prolactin
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
pituitary gland
responsible for the production of melatonin (sleep-inducing hormone) and serotonin (well-being & happiness), located between the two cerebral hemispheres
pineal gland
hormone secreted by testes
testosterone
hormones secreted by ovaries
estradiol and progesterone
located in the upper anterior portion of the chest cavity just behind the sternum
thymus
hormones produced by _____ stimulate the production of infection fighting cells called T cells
thymus
the thymus ____ during childhood and ____ at puberty
enlarges, atrophies
disorders of the ____ system:
addison’s disease
hyper/hypothyroidism
diabetes
dwarfism
gigantism
goiter
hyperinsulinism
hypoglycemia
endocrine
lab tests for the ____ system:
blood and urine hormone tests
fasting blood sugar
glucose tolerance test
thyroid function tests (T4, T3, TSH)
endocrine
system that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood
respiratory system
oxygen is inhaled into the air spaces (sacs) in the lungs and immediately into capillary blood vessels surrounding the sacs
at the same time, carbon dioxide is passed from the capillaries into the air sacs to be exhaled
external respiration
the exchange of gases within cells air in all the organs of the body
oxygen passes from the blood steam into the tissue cells and carbon dioxide passes from the tissue cells into the blood stream to be carried to the lungs to be exhaled
internal respiration
part of the respiratory system that filters and warms the air
nose and mouth
tube like pathway for air from the nasal cavity to larynx, and for food from the mouth to the esophagus
pharynx (throat)
contains vocal cords and opens to the trachea
larynx (voice box)
cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea
closes when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration (food entering the lungs via the trachea)
epiglottis
row of cartilage that leads to the lungs
trachea
branches of trachea
bronchi
smaller branches of bronchi
bronchioles
respiratory tract that includes the mouth, nose, sinus, throat, larynx (voice box), and trachea (windpipe)
upper
respiratory tract that includes bronchial tubes and the lungs
lower
primary organs of breathing
lungs
how many lobes does the left lung have and why?
2 lobes for the heart
how many lobes does the right lung have?
3 lobes
membrane that envelopes the lungs
pleura
smallest branches of bronchioles, also known as air sacs, where gas exchange occurs
alveoli
muscular partition between the chest cavity and the abdominal cavity
diaphragm
when inhaling, the diaphragm ____ and moves down, chest expands
contracts
when exhaling, diaphragm ____ and moves up, chest shrinks
relaxes
1 disorder of the respiratory system
asthma
disorders of the ___ system:
asthma
tonsilitis
bronchitis
tuberculosis
cystic fibrosis
infections
emphysema
pleurisy
pneumonia
respiratory
bronchitis and pneumonia are infections of the ____ respiratory tract
lower
lab tests for the ___ system:
arterial blood gases (ABG)
bronchial washings
microbiology cultures
sputum cultures (#1 specimen in lab)
tuberculin skin testing
spirometry (breathing test)
respiratory
system that breaks down food into a simple form that can be absorbed and used by the body cells, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) or alimentary canal
digestive system
where food is ground and mixed with saliva
mouth
moistened, ground food moves down this “tube” to the stomach
esophagus
mechanically and chemically breaks down food
stomach
wave-like contractions that move the food through the intestines
peristalsis
the first part of the small intestine
duodenum
increases surface area for better absorption of nutrients in the small intestine
villi
where food is broken down and absorption of nutrients happen through the villi
small intestine
part of the digestive system where water is reabsorbed
large intestine
3 sections of the large intestine
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
where fecal matter is stored until it can be expelled through the anus through bowel movement
rectum
disorders of the _____ system:
cancer
parasitic infections
polyps
ulcers
gastritis
pancreatitis
hepatitis
cholecystitis
colitis
appendicitis
digestive
lab tests for ____ system:
occult and blood test - colon cancer
ova and parasites
stool for culture & sensitivity (C&S)
fecal fat
c-urea breath test - stomach ulcers
gastrin
gastric analysis
histology biopsies
digestive
famous 5 bacterial causes of diarrhea
salmonella
shigella
ecoli (most common worldwide)
campylobacter (most common in children)
clostridium
system that filters waste material (urea) from the blood and removes it from the body in the form of urine
helps maintain blood pH (7.35-7.45), regulates water balance, maintains electrolyte balance (Na, K, Cl)
urinary system
components of the urinary system
2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 bladder
1 urethra
two bean-shaped organs located on each side of the spine, regulates the amount of water in the body
kidneys
___ of the body’s weight is made up of water
2/3
___ of the water removed by the kidneys is filtered to get rid of waste and then recycled back into the blood
90%
hormone that increases sodium
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
hormone that decreases sodium
aldosterone
hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells
*(rbc’s form in bone marrow, but this hormone stimulates it!)
erythropoietin
hormones secreted by ___:
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
aldosterone
erythropoietin
kidneys
narrow tubes that carry waste liquid (urine) from the kidneys to the bladder
ureters
holds approximately 500 ml of urine before stretch receptors signal the urge to urinate
bladder
tube leading from the bladder to the outside opening of the body through which urine is discharged
urethra
disorders of the ___ system:
cystitis
kidney stones
nephritis
renal failure
uremia (urea in blood)
urinary tract infection (UTI)
urinary
1 issue of the urinary system, also the #1 most contracted disease in the hospital
urinary tract infection (UTI)
lab tests for the ____ system:
albumin
urea
creatinine
creatinine clearance
electrolytes (Na, K, Cl)
osmolality
urinalysis
urine cultures
urinary
1 test done for the urinary system
urinalysis
the only system we can live without
reproductive system
primary function of this system is to reproduce the species
secretes hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone)
produces germ cells for reproduction (ova and sperm)
in female, maintaines fetus and produces milk for nourishment of neonate
reproductive system
where does fertilization occur?
fallopian tubes
process in which an egg (ovum) is released from the ovary into the opening of the fallopian tube
from there, the egg travels to uterus
during this time, the woman is fertile (able to become pregnant)
ovulation
process of cyclical discharge of blood from the uterus
egg not fertilized, hormone levels drop and causes the lining of the uterus to shed
menstruation
where is all the DNA on the sperm?
head
when a sperm enters an egg, the egg undergoes changes in cell membrane and expels the rest of the other sperm (t/f)
true
1 most common cancer for males
prostate
1 most common cancer for females
breast
males can get breast cancer (t/f)
true
disorders of the ___ system:
cervical, ovarian, uterine cancer
infertility
ovarian cyst
prostate, testicular cancer
STDs or STIs (sexually transmitted infections)
reproductive
lab tests for the ___ system:
acid phosphatase
PSA (prostate-specific antigen)
estrogen
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Pap smear
microbiology cultures
viral studies
testosterone
tissue analysis
semen analysis
rapid plasma reagin (RPR) - syphilis
reproductive
two common sites of capillary collection
finger, heel
a skin puncture can be done on cold hands (t/f)
false
recommended puncture site for infants under 6 months of age
heel
recommended puncture site for children 6 months and above
finger
recommended incision depth for children older than 8 years and adults
2.4 mm
recommended incision depth for children between 6 months to 8 years
1.5 mm
recommended incision depth for infants under 6 months of age
2.0 mm
recommended incision depth for premature neonates
0.85 mm
ideal puncture site for finger stick
middle finger of the non dominant hand
where do you dispose of the lancet?
sharps container
microdermal collections are a mix of arterial and venous blood (t/f)
true
order of draw for microdermal collection is the same as usual (t/f)
false! Hematology first (aka EDTA, purple tube)
what tube do you collect first for microdermal collections
hematology tubes (EDTA)
clotting process starts right away, so we need to get whole blood first
which tubes can we not collect with microdermal collections?
light blue, blood cultures, trace metals
order of draw for microdermal collections
lavender
amber
red
gray
lancet for heel pokes cannot penetrate over ___
2.0 mm
when collecting a tube and card for heel sticks, which one should you do first?
hematology tube first, then card
proper collection of metabolic cards
circles filled completely
one drop only (no doubles!)
dry surface for minimum of 3 hrs
___ syringes are harder to pull
larger
order of draw for syringe method is the same as usual (t/f)
true
syringe collection angle
15 degrees
which tube can we not collect using the syringe method?
trace metals (royal blue)
most common needle used when collecting blood using syringe method
21 gauge needle
larger gauge number means smaller needle (t/f)
true
21 gauge is ___ than a 23 gauge needle
larger
most common length of syringe needles for blood collection
1 to 1.5 inch
the working unit of the kidney
nephron
waste product removed from the blood by the kidneys
creatinine
O2 combined with hemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin
CO2 combined with hemoglobin
carbaminohemoglobin
a tuft of capillaries that filter water and dissolved substances, including wastes, from the blood
glomerulus
if CO2 levels in the blood increase, blood pH ____ and results in ____
decreases, acidosis
if CO2 levels in the blood decrease, blood pH ____ and results in ____
increases, alkalosis
most CO2 is carried in the blood as ____
a bicarbonate ion
helps keep alveoli inflated
surfactant
hyperventilation can result in alkalosis (t/f)
true
acidosis can result from ___ CO2 levels
increased
