Unit 2 Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
information signaling system that uses blood vessels as information channels, glands release hormones into the bloodstream
A
endocrine system
2
Q
release hormones into the blood stream
A
glands
3
Q
chemical messengers that regulate many functions in the body
A
hormones
4
Q
externally secreting glands
sweat, mammary, salivary & lacrimal (tears)
A
exocrine glands
5
Q
internally secreting glands (in the blood)
thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, pituitary, ovaries and testes, thymus
A
endocrine glands
6
Q
composed of a right and left lobe on either side of the trachea, butterfly-shaped
A
thyroid gland
7
Q
hormones secreted by the thyroid gland
A
T4 (thyroxine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)
calcitonin
8
Q
hormones necessary to maintain a normal level of metabolism
A
T4 (thyroxine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)
9
Q
hormone that lowers blood calcium
A
calcitonin
10
Q
four small oval bodies located on the dorsal aspect of the thyroid gland
A
parathyroid gland
11
Q
hormones secreted by the parathyroid gland
A
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
stimulates Vitamin D conversion to an active form
regulates phosphate levels
12
Q
hormone that raises the calcium level in the blood
A
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
13
Q
two small glands located on top of each kidney
A
adrenal gland
14
Q
hormones released in response to fear, also known as epinephrin
A
adrenalin and noradrenalin
15
Q
hormones secreted by this gland are:
glucocorticoids, cortisol, cortisone, (regulates sugars, fats and protein), aldosterone (regulates electrolytes), sex hormones
A
adrenal gland
16
Q
located near and partially behind the stomach, consists of hormone producing cells called islets of Langerhans
A
pancreas
17
Q
two hormones that Islets of Langerhans produces
A
insulin and glucagon
18
Q
increases blood sugar levels
A
glucagon
19
Q
decreases blood sugar levels
A
insulin
20
Q
type of diabetes where insulin is not being produced
A
type 1
21
Q
type of diabetes where insulin is not being used efficiently due to slight modifications (think of lock and key)
A
type 2
22
Q
located below the thalamus, just above the brainstem, about the size of a pearl
A
hypothalamus
23
Q
most important function of the hypothalamus
A
link nervous and endocrine systems via the pituitary gland
24
Q
controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and attachment behaviors, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms
A
hypothalamus
25
the following are released by ___
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
vasopressin
dopamine
hypothalamus
26
small pea sized gland located at the base of the brain, often referred to as the "master gland"
pituitary gland
27
the following are released by ___
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Gonadotropic hormone
Prolactin
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
pituitary gland
28
responsible for the production of melatonin (sleep-inducing hormone) and serotonin (well-being & happiness), located between the two cerebral hemispheres
pineal gland
29
hormone secreted by testes
testosterone
30
hormones secreted by ovaries
estradiol and progesterone
31
located in the upper anterior portion of the chest cavity just behind the sternum
thymus
32
hormones produced by _____ stimulate the production of infection fighting cells called T cells
thymus
33
the thymus ____ during childhood and ____ at puberty
enlarges, atrophies
34
disorders of the ____ system:
addison's disease
hyper/hypothyroidism
diabetes
dwarfism
gigantism
goiter
hyperinsulinism
hypoglycemia
endocrine
35
lab tests for the ____ system:
blood and urine hormone tests
fasting blood sugar
glucose tolerance test
thyroid function tests (T4, T3, TSH)
endocrine
36
system that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood
respiratory system
37
oxygen is inhaled into the air spaces (sacs) in the lungs and immediately into capillary blood vessels surrounding the sacs
at the same time, carbon dioxide is passed from the capillaries into the air sacs to be exhaled
external respiration
38
the exchange of gases within cells air in all the organs of the body
oxygen passes from the blood steam into the tissue cells and carbon dioxide passes from the tissue cells into the blood stream to be carried to the lungs to be exhaled
internal respiration
39
part of the respiratory system that filters and warms the air
nose and mouth
40
tube like pathway for air from the nasal cavity to larynx, and for food from the mouth to the esophagus
pharynx (throat)
41
contains vocal cords and opens to the trachea
larynx (voice box)
42
cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea
closes when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration (food entering the lungs via the trachea)
epiglottis
43
row of cartilage that leads to the lungs
trachea
44
branches of trachea
bronchi
45
smaller branches of bronchi
bronchioles
46
respiratory tract that includes the mouth, nose, sinus, throat, larynx (voice box), and trachea (windpipe)
upper
47
respiratory tract that includes bronchial tubes and the lungs
lower
48
primary organs of breathing
lungs
49
how many lobes does the left lung have and why?
2 lobes for the heart
50
how many lobes does the right lung have?
3 lobes
51
membrane that envelopes the lungs
pleura
52
smallest branches of bronchioles, also known as air sacs, where gas exchange occurs
alveoli
53
muscular partition between the chest cavity and the abdominal cavity
diaphragm
54
when inhaling, the diaphragm ____ and moves down, chest expands
contracts
55
when exhaling, diaphragm ____ and moves up, chest shrinks
relaxes
56
#1 disorder of the respiratory system
asthma
57
disorders of the ___ system:
asthma
tonsilitis
bronchitis
tuberculosis
cystic fibrosis
infections
emphysema
pleurisy
pneumonia
respiratory
58
bronchitis and pneumonia are infections of the ____ respiratory tract
lower
59
lab tests for the ___ system:
arterial blood gases (ABG)
bronchial washings
microbiology cultures
sputum cultures (#1 specimen in lab)
tuberculin skin testing
spirometry (breathing test)
respiratory
60
system that breaks down food into a simple form that can be absorbed and used by the body cells, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) or alimentary canal
digestive system
61
where food is ground and mixed with saliva
mouth
62
moistened, ground food moves down this "tube" to the stomach
esophagus
63
mechanically and chemically breaks down food
stomach
64
wave-like contractions that move the food through the intestines
peristalsis
65
the first part of the small intestine
duodenum
66
increases surface area for better absorption of nutrients in the small intestine
villi
67
where food is broken down and absorption of nutrients happen through the villi
small intestine
68
part of the digestive system where water is reabsorbed
large intestine
69
3 sections of the large intestine
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
70
where fecal matter is stored until it can be expelled through the anus through bowel movement
rectum
71
disorders of the _____ system:
cancer
parasitic infections
polyps
ulcers
gastritis
pancreatitis
hepatitis
cholecystitis
colitis
appendicitis
digestive
72
lab tests for ____ system:
occult and blood test - colon cancer
ova and parasites
stool for culture & sensitivity (C&S)
fecal fat
c-urea breath test - stomach ulcers
gastrin
gastric analysis
histology biopsies
digestive
73
famous 5 bacterial causes of diarrhea
salmonella
shigella
ecoli (most common worldwide)
campylobacter (most common in children)
clostridium
74
system that filters waste material (urea) from the blood and removes it from the body in the form of urine
helps maintain blood pH (7.35-7.45), regulates water balance, maintains electrolyte balance (Na, K, Cl)
urinary system
75
components of the urinary system
2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 bladder
1 urethra
76
two bean-shaped organs located on each side of the spine, regulates the amount of water in the body
kidneys
77
___ of the body's weight is made up of water
2/3
78
___ of the water removed by the kidneys is filtered to get rid of waste and then recycled back into the blood
90%
79
hormone that increases sodium
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
80
hormone that decreases sodium
aldosterone
81
hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells
*(rbc's form in bone marrow, but this hormone stimulates it!)
erythropoietin
82
hormones secreted by ___:
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
aldosterone
erythropoietin
kidneys
83
narrow tubes that carry waste liquid (urine) from the kidneys to the bladder
ureters
84
holds approximately 500 ml of urine before stretch receptors signal the urge to urinate
bladder
85
tube leading from the bladder to the outside opening of the body through which urine is discharged
urethra
86
disorders of the ___ system:
cystitis
kidney stones
nephritis
renal failure
uremia (urea in blood)
urinary tract infection (UTI)
urinary
87
#1 issue of the urinary system, also the #1 most contracted disease in the hospital
urinary tract infection (UTI)
88
lab tests for the ____ system:
albumin
urea
creatinine
creatinine clearance
electrolytes (Na, K, Cl)
osmolality
urinalysis
urine cultures
urinary
89
#1 test done for the urinary system
urinalysis
90
the only system we can live without
reproductive system
91
primary function of this system is to reproduce the species
secretes hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone)
produces germ cells for reproduction (ova and sperm)
in female, maintaines fetus and produces milk for nourishment of neonate
reproductive system
92
where does fertilization occur?
fallopian tubes
93
process in which an egg (ovum) is released from the ovary into the opening of the fallopian tube
from there, the egg travels to uterus
during this time, the woman is fertile (able to become pregnant)
ovulation
94
process of cyclical discharge of blood from the uterus
egg not fertilized, hormone levels drop and causes the lining of the uterus to shed
menstruation
95
where is all the DNA on the sperm?
head
96
when a sperm enters an egg, the egg undergoes changes in cell membrane and expels the rest of the other sperm (t/f)
true
97
#1 most common cancer for males
prostate
98
#1 most common cancer for females
breast
99
males can get breast cancer (t/f)
true
100
disorders of the ___ system:
cervical, ovarian, uterine cancer
infertility
ovarian cyst
prostate, testicular cancer
STDs or STIs (sexually transmitted infections)
reproductive
101
lab tests for the ___ system:
acid phosphatase
PSA (prostate-specific antigen)
estrogen
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Pap smear
microbiology cultures
viral studies
testosterone
tissue analysis
semen analysis
rapid plasma reagin (RPR) - syphilis
reproductive
102
two common sites of capillary collection
finger, heel
103
a skin puncture can be done on cold hands (t/f)
false
104
recommended puncture site for infants under 6 months of age
heel
105
recommended puncture site for children 6 months and above
finger
106
recommended incision depth for children older than 8 years and adults
2.4 mm
107
recommended incision depth for children between 6 months to 8 years
1.5 mm
108
recommended incision depth for infants under 6 months of age
2.0 mm
109
recommended incision depth for premature neonates
0.85 mm
110
ideal puncture site for finger stick
middle finger of the non dominant hand
111
where do you dispose of the lancet?
sharps container
112
microdermal collections are a mix of arterial and venous blood (t/f)
true
113
order of draw for microdermal collection is the same as usual (t/f)
false! Hematology first (aka EDTA, purple tube)
114
what tube do you collect first for microdermal collections
hematology tubes (EDTA)
clotting process starts right away, so we need to get whole blood first
115
which tubes can we not collect with microdermal collections?
light blue, blood cultures, trace metals
116
order of draw for microdermal collections
lavender
amber
red
gray
117
lancet for heel pokes cannot penetrate over ___
2.0 mm
118
when collecting a tube and card for heel sticks, which one should you do first?
hematology tube first, then card
119
proper collection of metabolic cards
circles filled completely
one drop only (no doubles!)
dry surface for minimum of 3 hrs
120
___ syringes are harder to pull
larger
121
order of draw for syringe method is the same as usual (t/f)
true
122
syringe collection angle
15 degrees
123
which tube can we not collect using the syringe method?
trace metals (royal blue)
124
most common needle used when collecting blood using syringe method
21 gauge needle
125
larger gauge number means smaller needle (t/f)
true
126
21 gauge is ___ than a 23 gauge needle
larger
127
most common length of syringe needles for blood collection
1 to 1.5 inch
128
the working unit of the kidney
nephron
129
waste product removed from the blood by the kidneys
creatinine
130
O2 combined with hemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin
131
CO2 combined with hemoglobin
carbaminohemoglobin
132
a tuft of capillaries that filter water and dissolved substances, including wastes, from the blood
glomerulus
133
if CO2 levels in the blood increase, blood pH ____ and results in ____
decreases, acidosis
134
if CO2 levels in the blood decrease, blood pH ____ and results in ____
increases, alkalosis
135
most CO2 is carried in the blood as ____
a bicarbonate ion
136
helps keep alveoli inflated
surfactant
137
hyperventilation can result in alkalosis (t/f)
true
138
acidosis can result from ___ CO2 levels
increased
