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Herzing College - MLA > Unit 2 Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

information signaling system that uses blood vessels as information channels, glands release hormones into the bloodstream

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

release hormones into the blood stream

A

glands

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3
Q

chemical messengers that regulate many functions in the body

A

hormones

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4
Q

externally secreting glands

sweat, mammary, salivary & lacrimal (tears)

A

exocrine glands

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5
Q

internally secreting glands (in the blood)

thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, pituitary, ovaries and testes, thymus

A

endocrine glands

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6
Q

composed of a right and left lobe on either side of the trachea, butterfly-shaped

A

thyroid gland

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7
Q

hormones secreted by the thyroid gland

A

T4 (thyroxine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)
calcitonin

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8
Q

hormones necessary to maintain a normal level of metabolism

A

T4 (thyroxine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)

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9
Q

hormone that lowers blood calcium

A

calcitonin

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10
Q

four small oval bodies located on the dorsal aspect of the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid gland

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11
Q

hormones secreted by the parathyroid gland

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)
stimulates Vitamin D conversion to an active form
regulates phosphate levels

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12
Q

hormone that raises the calcium level in the blood

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

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13
Q

two small glands located on top of each kidney

A

adrenal gland

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14
Q

hormones released in response to fear, also known as epinephrin

A

adrenalin and noradrenalin

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15
Q

hormones secreted by this gland are:

glucocorticoids, cortisol, cortisone, (regulates sugars, fats and protein), aldosterone (regulates electrolytes), sex hormones

A

adrenal gland

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16
Q

located near and partially behind the stomach, consists of hormone producing cells called islets of Langerhans

A

pancreas

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17
Q

two hormones that Islets of Langerhans produces

A

insulin and glucagon

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18
Q

increases blood sugar levels

A

glucagon

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19
Q

decreases blood sugar levels

A

insulin

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20
Q

type of diabetes where insulin is not being produced

A

type 1

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21
Q

type of diabetes where insulin is not being used efficiently due to slight modifications (think of lock and key)

A

type 2

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22
Q

located below the thalamus, just above the brainstem, about the size of a pearl

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

most important function of the hypothalamus

A

link nervous and endocrine systems via the pituitary gland

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24
Q

controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and attachment behaviors, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms

A

hypothalamus

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25
Q

the following are released by ___

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
vasopressin
dopamine

A

hypothalamus

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26
Q

small pea sized gland located at the base of the brain, often referred to as the “master gland”

A

pituitary gland

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27
Q

the following are released by ___

Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Gonadotropic hormone
Prolactin
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin

A

pituitary gland

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28
Q

responsible for the production of melatonin (sleep-inducing hormone) and serotonin (well-being & happiness), located between the two cerebral hemispheres

A

pineal gland

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29
Q

hormone secreted by testes

A

testosterone

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30
Q

hormones secreted by ovaries

A

estradiol and progesterone

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31
Q

located in the upper anterior portion of the chest cavity just behind the sternum

A

thymus

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32
Q

hormones produced by _____ stimulate the production of infection fighting cells called T cells

A

thymus

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33
Q

the thymus ____ during childhood and ____ at puberty

A

enlarges, atrophies

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34
Q

disorders of the ____ system:

addison’s disease
hyper/hypothyroidism
diabetes
dwarfism
gigantism
goiter
hyperinsulinism
hypoglycemia

A

endocrine

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35
Q

lab tests for the ____ system:

blood and urine hormone tests
fasting blood sugar
glucose tolerance test
thyroid function tests (T4, T3, TSH)

A

endocrine

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36
Q

system that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood

A

respiratory system

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37
Q

oxygen is inhaled into the air spaces (sacs) in the lungs and immediately into capillary blood vessels surrounding the sacs

at the same time, carbon dioxide is passed from the capillaries into the air sacs to be exhaled

A

external respiration

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38
Q

the exchange of gases within cells air in all the organs of the body

oxygen passes from the blood steam into the tissue cells and carbon dioxide passes from the tissue cells into the blood stream to be carried to the lungs to be exhaled

A

internal respiration

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39
Q

part of the respiratory system that filters and warms the air

A

nose and mouth

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40
Q

tube like pathway for air from the nasal cavity to larynx, and for food from the mouth to the esophagus

A

pharynx (throat)

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41
Q

contains vocal cords and opens to the trachea

A

larynx (voice box)

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42
Q

cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea

closes when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration (food entering the lungs via the trachea)

A

epiglottis

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43
Q

row of cartilage that leads to the lungs

A

trachea

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44
Q

branches of trachea

A

bronchi

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45
Q

smaller branches of bronchi

A

bronchioles

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46
Q

respiratory tract that includes the mouth, nose, sinus, throat, larynx (voice box), and trachea (windpipe)

A

upper

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47
Q

respiratory tract that includes bronchial tubes and the lungs

A

lower

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48
Q

primary organs of breathing

A

lungs

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49
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have and why?

A

2 lobes for the heart

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50
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 lobes

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51
Q

membrane that envelopes the lungs

A

pleura

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52
Q

smallest branches of bronchioles, also known as air sacs, where gas exchange occurs

A

alveoli

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53
Q

muscular partition between the chest cavity and the abdominal cavity

A

diaphragm

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54
Q

when inhaling, the diaphragm ____ and moves down, chest expands

A

contracts

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55
Q

when exhaling, diaphragm ____ and moves up, chest shrinks

A

relaxes

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56
Q

1 disorder of the respiratory system

A

asthma

57
Q

disorders of the ___ system:

asthma
tonsilitis
bronchitis
tuberculosis
cystic fibrosis
infections
emphysema
pleurisy
pneumonia

A

respiratory

58
Q

bronchitis and pneumonia are infections of the ____ respiratory tract

A

lower

59
Q

lab tests for the ___ system:

arterial blood gases (ABG)
bronchial washings
microbiology cultures
sputum cultures (#1 specimen in lab)
tuberculin skin testing
spirometry (breathing test)

A

respiratory

60
Q

system that breaks down food into a simple form that can be absorbed and used by the body cells, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) or alimentary canal

A

digestive system

61
Q

where food is ground and mixed with saliva

A

mouth

62
Q

moistened, ground food moves down this “tube” to the stomach

A

esophagus

63
Q

mechanically and chemically breaks down food

A

stomach

64
Q

wave-like contractions that move the food through the intestines

A

peristalsis

65
Q

the first part of the small intestine

A

duodenum

66
Q

increases surface area for better absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

A

villi

67
Q

where food is broken down and absorption of nutrients happen through the villi

A

small intestine

68
Q

part of the digestive system where water is reabsorbed

A

large intestine

69
Q

3 sections of the large intestine

A

ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon

70
Q

where fecal matter is stored until it can be expelled through the anus through bowel movement

A

rectum

71
Q

disorders of the _____ system:

cancer
parasitic infections
polyps
ulcers
gastritis
pancreatitis
hepatitis
cholecystitis
colitis
appendicitis

A

digestive

72
Q

lab tests for ____ system:

occult and blood test - colon cancer
ova and parasites
stool for culture & sensitivity (C&S)
fecal fat
c-urea breath test - stomach ulcers
gastrin
gastric analysis
histology biopsies

A

digestive

73
Q

famous 5 bacterial causes of diarrhea

A

salmonella
shigella
ecoli (most common worldwide)
campylobacter (most common in children)
clostridium

74
Q

system that filters waste material (urea) from the blood and removes it from the body in the form of urine

helps maintain blood pH (7.35-7.45), regulates water balance, maintains electrolyte balance (Na, K, Cl)

A

urinary system

75
Q

components of the urinary system

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 bladder
1 urethra

76
Q

two bean-shaped organs located on each side of the spine, regulates the amount of water in the body

A

kidneys

77
Q

___ of the body’s weight is made up of water

A

2/3

78
Q

___ of the water removed by the kidneys is filtered to get rid of waste and then recycled back into the blood

A

90%

79
Q

hormone that increases sodium

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

80
Q

hormone that decreases sodium

A

aldosterone

81
Q

hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells

*(rbc’s form in bone marrow, but this hormone stimulates it!)

A

erythropoietin

82
Q

hormones secreted by ___:

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
aldosterone
erythropoietin

A

kidneys

83
Q

narrow tubes that carry waste liquid (urine) from the kidneys to the bladder

A

ureters

84
Q

holds approximately 500 ml of urine before stretch receptors signal the urge to urinate

A

bladder

85
Q

tube leading from the bladder to the outside opening of the body through which urine is discharged

A

urethra

86
Q

disorders of the ___ system:

cystitis
kidney stones
nephritis
renal failure
uremia (urea in blood)
urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

urinary

87
Q

1 issue of the urinary system, also the #1 most contracted disease in the hospital

A

urinary tract infection (UTI)

88
Q

lab tests for the ____ system:

albumin
urea
creatinine
creatinine clearance
electrolytes (Na, K, Cl)
osmolality
urinalysis
urine cultures

A

urinary

89
Q

1 test done for the urinary system

A

urinalysis

90
Q

the only system we can live without

A

reproductive system

91
Q

primary function of this system is to reproduce the species

secretes hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone)

produces germ cells for reproduction (ova and sperm)

in female, maintaines fetus and produces milk for nourishment of neonate

A

reproductive system

92
Q

where does fertilization occur?

A

fallopian tubes

93
Q

process in which an egg (ovum) is released from the ovary into the opening of the fallopian tube

from there, the egg travels to uterus

during this time, the woman is fertile (able to become pregnant)

A

ovulation

94
Q

process of cyclical discharge of blood from the uterus

egg not fertilized, hormone levels drop and causes the lining of the uterus to shed

A

menstruation

95
Q

where is all the DNA on the sperm?

A

head

96
Q

when a sperm enters an egg, the egg undergoes changes in cell membrane and expels the rest of the other sperm (t/f)

A

true

97
Q

1 most common cancer for males

A

prostate

98
Q

1 most common cancer for females

A

breast

99
Q

males can get breast cancer (t/f)

A

true

100
Q

disorders of the ___ system:

cervical, ovarian, uterine cancer
infertility
ovarian cyst
prostate, testicular cancer
STDs or STIs (sexually transmitted infections)

A

reproductive

101
Q

lab tests for the ___ system:

acid phosphatase
PSA (prostate-specific antigen)
estrogen
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Pap smear
microbiology cultures
viral studies
testosterone
tissue analysis
semen analysis
rapid plasma reagin (RPR) - syphilis

A

reproductive

102
Q

two common sites of capillary collection

A

finger, heel

103
Q

a skin puncture can be done on cold hands (t/f)

A

false

104
Q

recommended puncture site for infants under 6 months of age

A

heel

105
Q

recommended puncture site for children 6 months and above

A

finger

106
Q

recommended incision depth for children older than 8 years and adults

A

2.4 mm

107
Q

recommended incision depth for children between 6 months to 8 years

A

1.5 mm

108
Q

recommended incision depth for infants under 6 months of age

A

2.0 mm

109
Q

recommended incision depth for premature neonates

A

0.85 mm

110
Q

ideal puncture site for finger stick

A

middle finger of the non dominant hand

111
Q

where do you dispose of the lancet?

A

sharps container

112
Q

microdermal collections are a mix of arterial and venous blood (t/f)

A

true

113
Q

order of draw for microdermal collection is the same as usual (t/f)

A

false! Hematology first (aka EDTA, purple tube)

114
Q

what tube do you collect first for microdermal collections

A

hematology tubes (EDTA)

clotting process starts right away, so we need to get whole blood first

115
Q

which tubes can we not collect with microdermal collections?

A

light blue, blood cultures, trace metals

116
Q

order of draw for microdermal collections

A

lavender
amber
red
gray

117
Q

lancet for heel pokes cannot penetrate over ___

A

2.0 mm

118
Q

when collecting a tube and card for heel sticks, which one should you do first?

A

hematology tube first, then card

119
Q

proper collection of metabolic cards

A

circles filled completely
one drop only (no doubles!)
dry surface for minimum of 3 hrs

120
Q

___ syringes are harder to pull

A

larger

121
Q

order of draw for syringe method is the same as usual (t/f)

A

true

122
Q

syringe collection angle

A

15 degrees

123
Q

which tube can we not collect using the syringe method?

A

trace metals (royal blue)

124
Q

most common needle used when collecting blood using syringe method

A

21 gauge needle

125
Q

larger gauge number means smaller needle (t/f)

A

true

126
Q

21 gauge is ___ than a 23 gauge needle

A

larger

127
Q

most common length of syringe needles for blood collection

A

1 to 1.5 inch

128
Q

the working unit of the kidney

A

nephron

129
Q

waste product removed from the blood by the kidneys

A

creatinine

130
Q

O2 combined with hemoglobin

A

oxyhemoglobin

131
Q

CO2 combined with hemoglobin

A

carbaminohemoglobin

132
Q

a tuft of capillaries that filter water and dissolved substances, including wastes, from the blood

A

glomerulus

133
Q

if CO2 levels in the blood increase, blood pH ____ and results in ____

A

decreases, acidosis

134
Q

if CO2 levels in the blood decrease, blood pH ____ and results in ____

A

increases, alkalosis

135
Q

most CO2 is carried in the blood as ____

A

a bicarbonate ion

136
Q

helps keep alveoli inflated

A

surfactant

137
Q

hyperventilation can result in alkalosis (t/f)

A

true

138
Q

acidosis can result from ___ CO2 levels

A

increased

Herzing College - MLA (14 decks)

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