Unit 4 Part 1 - Hematology, Coagulation Flashcards
1
Q
the study of blood
A
hematology
2
Q
deficiency of hemoglobin or RBC
A
anemia
3
Q
section of lab that is concerned with the clotting mechanism of the blood
A
coagulation dept
4
Q
tests for WBC, RBC, Hgb, Hct, indices, and differential
*only panel allowed, esp in hospitals
A
CBC (complete blood count)
5
Q
determined the % of different types of WBCs (neuts, lymphs, monos, eos, basos) as well as RBC morphology and platelet # estimation
A
differential
6
Q
an anticoagulant used in hematology tubes (lavender)
A
EDTA
7
Q
EDTA means
A
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
8
Q
used to determine if inflammation is present, also referred to as sed rate
A
ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
9
Q
% by volume of RBCs in whole blood, also called PVC (packed cell count)
A
Hematocrit (Hct)
10
Q
counting chamber for manual WBCs, RBCs, pltelets, sperm counts, etc.
A
Hematocytometer
11
Q
section of the lab that studies blood cells, may include coagulation and urinalysis
A
hematology dept
12
Q
the substance in RBCs that carry oxygen and CO2
A
hemoglobin
13
Q
the stoppage of bleeding
A
hemostasis
14
Q
cells involved in the clotting of blood
A
platelets
15
Q
another term for platelets
A
thrombocytes
16
Q
calculations to determine the size and contents of RBCs
A
red blood cell indices
17
Q
cells containing hemoglobin that transports O2 to the body and CO2 away to the lungs
A
red blood cells
18
Q
another term for red blood cells
A
erythrocytes
19
Q
immature RBC
A
reticulocyte (retic)
20
Q
cells involved in infection control and immunity
A
white blood cells
21
Q
another term for white blood cells
A
leukocytes
22
Q
main stain used in hematology for doing differentials
A
wrights stain
23
Q
tests done in ____:
CBC - (WBC, RBC Hgb, Hct, indices, differential & platelet count)
Retic count
Sed Rate
Sickle cells
Eosinophil count
A
hematology
24
Q
an increase in WBC, usually happens when a person has an infection
A
leukocytosis
25
a decrease in WBC, usually happens when the immune system is compromised
leukopenia
26
a sudden huge increase in WBC may indicate
leukemia
27
an increase in RBC may indicate
polycythemia
28
this test will tell if the patient has enough O2 carrying capacity
Hgb
29
oxygen binds to ___ on hemoglobin
heme
30
normal adult ranges for Hgb
Female: 120-160 g/L
Male: 140-180 g/L
31
test that reflects the relationship between the amount of RBCs and the amount of plasma in a blood sample
quick test for anemia and blood doping
Hct
32
normal adult ranges for Hct
Female: 0.35-0.47 L/L
Male: 0.4 - 0.52 L/L
33
increasing RBCs in blood to be able to carry more O2, allowing athletes improved performance
blood doping
34
MCV
mean corpuscular volume
35
increasing amount of RBC in blood to be able to carry more O2, allowing athletes to improve performance
blood doping
36
MCH
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
37
MCHC
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
38
expresses the average volume of RBCs
expressed in femtoliters (fl)
normal value: 80-100 fl
MCV
39
estimates weight of hgb in RBC
expressed in picograms (pg)
normal value: 27-32 pg/cell
MCH
40
expresses the concentration of hgb in RBCs relative to their size
expressed in grams per deciliter (g/dl)
normal value: 32-37 g/dl
MCHC
41
most common anemia, caused by a decrease in iron which is needed for hgb production + TIBC
treatment: iron supplements
iron deficiency anemia
42
anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor in the digestive tract
treatment: Vit B 12 injections
pernicious anemia
43
required for the absorption of Vit B12, which is necessary for normal maturing of RBCs
intrinsic factor
44
anemia caused by the failure of bone marrow to produce enough RBCs as well as WBCs and platelets
treatment: bone marrow transplant
aplastic anemia
45
anemia caused by an excessive destruction of RBCs, often because they are deformed
causes jaundice due to increased amount of bilirubin in the blood
treatment: splenectomy
hemolytic anemia
46
may be done on automatic cell counter, or manually on a hematocytometer by counting all the platelets in the centre area
platelet count
47
normal values for platelet counts
150k - 450k per cubic ml
48
platelets are fragments of a ___
megakaryocyte
49
__ blood smear is often to detect malaria
thick
50
__ blood smear is often to perform a manual differential
thin
51
types of blood smears
thick
thin
52
to prepare this blood smear, place large drop of blood at centre of glass, and spread with the corner of another slide until size of dime and let it dry
thick blood smear
53
to prepare this smear, the push wedge method is used and takes a lot of practice
thin blood smear
54
the push wedge method involves 3 main steps:
approaching
adhesion
advancement
55
the adhesion step in the push wedge method involves the slider being held at
30-40 degree angle
56
a blood smear is too thin if the drop was too __, or the spreader was too __
small, low
57
a blood smear is too thick if the drop was too __, or the spreader was too __
large, high
58
a patient with ___ hemoglobin will make the smear look too __
low, thin
59
blood smears need to be prepared within __ from collection, and note that high humidity will prolong drying time
1 hr
60
the wright stain is left on a slide for 5 mins, and uses a ___ stain
polychromatic
61
the buffer in the wright stain is left for ___ the time of the wright stain
double
62
how to dry the wright stain?
air dry naturally
63
wright staining problems:
too blue - stain/buffer too __, time too __, smear too ___
alkaline, long, thick
64
wright staining problems:
too pink - stain/buffer too __, time too __
acidic, short
65
wright staining problems:
too light - stain/buffer __, time too __, washing too __
improper ratio, short, long
66
one step wright stains contain the ___ already dissolved in the stain
buffer
67
1-step wright stain is done on __ or __
staining rack or coplin jars
68
in 1-step wright stain, the slides are stained in the undiluted stain and differentiated by decolorizing in
purified water
69
when staining bone marrow smears, times for 1-step wright stain are __
doubled
70
advantages of using an automatic linear stainer
reduce repetitive motion, bending injuries
slides can be continuously loaded
save space and money
71
3 parts to the differential
1. WBC differential count
2. RBC morphology
3. Platelet estimation
72
1st part of the differential, counts the # of neuts, lymphs, monos, eos and basos in 100 WBCs
WBC differential count
73
immature neutrophils have a
band
74
2nd part of the differential, which looks at RBCs to see if they are normal
look at size, amount of hgb and shape
RBC morphology
75
normal RBC size is called
normocytic
76
too small RBC size is called
microcytic
77
too large RBC size is called
macrocytic
78
variation in RBC sizes is called
anisocytosis
79
normal amount of Hgb in RBC is called
normochromic
80
not enough amount of Hgb in RBC is called
hypochromic
81
too much amount of Hgb in RBC is called
hyperchromic
82
variation of RBC shapes is called
poikilocytosis
83
___ kills off the RBCs that aren't normal
spleen
84
occurs when air pressure becomes too high, and RBCs become deformed
sickle cells
85
3rd part of the differential, estimates platelet count and morphology
platelet estimation
86
when platelets clump together, the machine will count it as one platelet
platelet satellitism
87
increase in platelets indicate a
clotting problem
88
decrease in platelets indicate a
bleeding problem
89
increased neut count could indicate a
bacterial infection
90
increased lymph count could indicate a
viral infection
91
increased eos count count indicate a
parasite infection or allergy
92
myeloid leukemia is when the bone marrow produces too many ___ WBCs
immature
93
acute lymphatic leukemia is when the bone marrow produces too many ___ WBCs
mature
94
malaria goes into __ and multiplies until it bursts
RBCs
95
found in hemolytic anemia and causes poor surface area on RBCs
no biconcave, too solid and no squishy
spherocytes
96
RBCs with nucleus still in the blood stream
nucleated red cell
97
caused by Epstein-Barr virus
infectious mononucleosis
98
retic counts are stained with
methylene blue (15 mins)
99
counts number of retics in 100 RBCs, normal about 1%
retic count
100
increased retics may indicate
blood loss
101
decreased retics may indicate
anemia
102
manual method used for ESR, tube is 100 mm long and has smaller diameter than other method
wintrobe method
103
wintrobe method for ESR is allowed to stand undisturbed for ___ so the plasma can settle
1 hr
104
wintrobe method for ESR is expressed in
mm
105
wintrobe method normal value for ESR
1-30 mm
106
manual method used by most labs for ESR, tube is 200 mm long and has larger diameter than other method
westergren method
107
nasal smears are stained with
wright stain
108
collected by asking patient to blow nose to bring mucous into nostrils, given swab for each nostril and is labeled accordingly
nasal smear
109
normal blood volume
approx. 4.73 L
110
normal WBC
5000-9000 x 10^9 /L
111
normal RBC
4.5-5.5 x 10^12 /L
112
normal platelet
150-450 x 10^9 /L
113
autoantibodies produced by persons infected with Mycoplasma pneumonia (atypical pneumonia) or with autoimmune hemolytic anemia
react with RBCs at temperatures below body temp
kept warm using heat block when collected, and put in incubator for 30 mins
cold agglutinins
114
proteins that precipitate when cold, handled same way as cold agglutinins
cryofibrinogen and cryoglobulin
115
is a process that causes bleeding to stop
hemostasis
116
3 things that happen when a vessel is injured
1. vessel contracts
2. platelets are initiated to form a clot
3. clotting factors convert fibrinogen to fibrin
117
first step of hemostasis
vessel contracts
118
second step of hemostasis
platelet plug is formed
119
third step of hemostasis
initiation
120
in the second step of hemostasis, platelets stick together to form a temporary seal to cover the break in the ___
vessel wall
121
in the third step of hemostasis, coagulation reinforces the platelet plug with ___ that acts as molecular glue
fibrin threads
122
endothelial cell damage expose a glue-like substance called ___ that causes platelets to stick to the damaged tissue
von Willebrand factor
123
hemostasis starts within ___ of injury
10-15 seconds
124
floating clots are also called
thromboembolism
125
treatment for thromboembolism involves drug therapy such as ___ to dissolve the clot
streptokinase
126
a clot-dissolving enzyme called tPA
tissue plasminogen activator
127
putting the patient on anticoagulant therapy such as __ can also help with treatment of thromboembolism
heparin
128
a drug that interferes with platelet aggregation and is used to prevent clotting
aspirin
129
lab tests done for ___
PT/INR
PTT
Fibrinogen
Thrombin
coagulation
130
a substance found in blood that when activated is converted to thrombin
prothrombin
131
INR
international normalization ration
132
PTT
partial thromboplastin time
133
is converted to fibrin
fibrinogen
134
PT
prothrombin time
135
a fibrin degradation product
small protein fragment present in the blood after a blood clot is degraded by fibrinolysis
D-dimer
136
contains two crosslinked D fragments of the fibrin protein
D-dimer
137
there are __ factors in a coagulation cascade
12
138
Factor I
Fibrinogen
139
Factor II
Prothrombin
140
Factor III
Tissue thromboplastin
141
Factor IV
Ionized Ca
142
2 coagulation pathways
extrinsic
intrinsic
143
coagulation test to measure extrinsic pathway
PT
144
coagulation test to measure intrinsic pathway
PTT
145
upon introduction of cells, particularly crushed or injured tissue, coagulation is activated and a fibrin clot is rapidly formed
extrinsic pathway
146
activated by trauma inside the vascular system, and is activated by platelets, exposed endothelium, chemicals, or collagen
intrinsic pathway
147
DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
148
when body's blood clotting mechanism are activated throughout the body instead of being localized at an area of injury
small clots form throughout the body and uses up clooting factors (finite)
results in clotting symptoms or more bleeding
DIC
149
tests used to detect ___
PTT
D-dimer
Fibrinogen L=level
Platelet count
PT
DIC
150
a decrease in Factor VIII causes
hemophilia A
