Unit 2 Part 3 Flashcards
main function of this system is to transport and carry O2 and food to all the cells, and CO2 and wastes from the cells
circulatory
one of the fluids of the body, made up of water, solutes, and cells
blood
another term for white blood cells
leukocytes
another term for red blood cells
erythrocytes
another term for thrombocytes
platelets
normal blood volume is approx ____
4.73 L
class of WBCs that have granulars, nucleus is segmented
granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
class of WBCs that have no granules, nucleus is unsegmented
non-granulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)
class of cells formed in the myeloid tissue (bone marrow)
myeloid cells
cells formed in the bone marrow
RBCs
platelets
granular leukocytes (neuts, eos, baso)
non granulocytes formed in the lymphatic tissue (mainly spleen and lymph nodes)
lymphoid cells
most numerous type of WBC
stain with the Wright stain
have 2-3 lobes
granules stain pink
neutrophils
least numerous type of WBC
stain with the Wright stain
have an S shaped nucleus
granules stain black
basophils
two-lobed nucleus
stain with the Wright stain
have two oval lobes (nucleus)
granules stain orange
eosinophils
first WBC to arrive at an infection site
neutrophil
WBC that neutralizes the effects of histamine in allergic reactions and destroy certain parasitic worms
eosinophil
WBC that releases histamines
basophil
second most numerous type of WBC, has one large nucleus
lymphocytes
largest WBC with the longest lifespan, has one nucleus (often with a cleft), and is responsible for general cleanup of the infection site
monocytes
cell responsible for detecting, engulfing and destroying pathogens
macrophage
macrophages are produced through differentiation fo monocytes (t/f)
true
main function of WBC
fight infection through phagocytosis
WBCs pass through several stages starting with a ____ cell before becoming mature WBCs
stem
leukocytosis is a(n) ___ in WBCs
increase
leukopenia is a(n) ___ in WBCs
decrease
high amount of neutrophils usually indicates a ___ infection
bacterial
high amount of lymphocytes usually indicates a ___ infection
viral
another term for red blood cells
erythrocytes
a ____ RBC has no nucleus
mature
there are __ oxygen molecules for every hemoglobin molecule
4
immature RBCs still have the nucleus in them, and are also called ___
reticulocytes (retics)
___ is broken down by the liver, spleen and bone marrow
hemoglobin
normal WBC count is ___ per cubic mL of blood
5000 - 9000 (5.0-9.0 x 10^9/L)
normal RBC count is ___ per cubic mL of blood
4.5 - 5.5 million (4.5-5.5 x 10^12/L)
normal platelet count is ___ per cubic mL of blood
150,000 - 450,000 (150-450 x 10^9/L)
cell fragments formed from megakaryocyte in the bone marrow, have no nucleus
platelets
another term for platelets
thrombocytes
main function of platelets
help in the clotting process
formation of RBCs is also called
erythropoiesis
main function of RBC
transport or carry O2 from lungs to body and CO2 from body to lungs when combined with hgb
a dynamic process whereby blood coagulation is initiated and terminated in a rapid and tightly regulated fashion
hemostasis
3 basic components that regulate hemostasis
vascular wall
platelets
coagulation cascade
constriction of the damaged blood vessels and formation of platelet plug
primary hemostasis
coagulation factors present in the blood interact, forming a fibring meshwork (clot)
secondary hemostasis
4 steps of the Hemostatic Process
- vasoconstriction
- formation of primary platelet plug
- progression of stable clot – hemostatic plug
- fibrinolysis
formation of primary platelet plug happens within ___ seconds of injury
15
initiated by tissue factors, coagulation factors taht are found in tissues not in the blood stream
extrinsic pathway
test used to evaluate extrinsic pathway
prothrombin time (PT/INR)
coagulation factors that involve the bloodstream
intrinsic pathway
test used to evaluate intrinsic pathway
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways lead to this pathway, in which fibrin is produced to seal off the vessel
common pathway
natural element in our body that prevents clotting
heparin
he process by which fibrin is dissolved
fibrinolysis
how can you stimulate platelets?
bring them in contact with a rough surface
antigens are on/in ___
RBCs
antibodies are on/in ___
plasma
also called the Rh factor
D antigen
disorders of the ___ system:
anemia
embolus
hemophilia
leukemia
polycythemia
multiple myeloma
sickle cell anemia
deep vein thrombosis
phlebitis
thrombocytopenia
thrombus
varicose veins
hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
circulatory
lab tests for ___ system:
CBC (#1)
PT/INR
cross match
iron (Fe)/ TIBC
PTT
factor studies
circulatory
most common anemia, caused by a decrease in iron, which is needed for hgb production
iron deficiency anemia
anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor in the digestive tract
pernicious anemia
required for the absorption of Vitamin B12, which is necessary for normal maturing of RBCs
intrinsic factor
failure of bone marrow to produce enough RBCs as well as WBCs and platelets is the cause of this anemia
aplastic anemia
anemia caused by an excessive destruction of RBCs, often becuase they are deformed
causes jaundice due to bilirubin buildup in the blood
hemolytic anemia
increased number of RBCs (maybe WBCs and platelets) produced by the bone marrow, blood becomes thick and puts a strain on the heart
polycythemia vera
___ of blood is plasma
50-55%
four chambered muscular organ, shaped and sized roughly like a man’s closed fist
heart
the heart is divided into ___ chambers
4
upper chamber of the heart
atria
lower chamber of the heart
ventricles
ventricles are larger and have thicker walls than atria (t/f)
true
left ventricle has thicker walls than the right (t/f)
true
the left ventricle has to pump blood to the ___
body, except lungs
the right ventricle has to pump blood to the ___
lungs only
tricuspid and mitral valve (bicuspid)
cuspid valves
pulmonary valve and aortic valve
semilunar valve
guards the opening between the atria and ventricles, prevent back flow
cuspid valves (tricuspid and mitral)
right cuspid valve guards opening between the right atrium and right ventricle, where deoxygenated blood passes through, and is also called
tricuspid valve
left cuspid valve guards opening between the left atrium and left ventricle, where oxygenated blood passes through, and is also called
mitral/bicuspid valve
guards the opening between the ventricles and the pulmonary artery (to the lungs) and the aorta, prevent back flow
semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic)
heart cells are also known as
myocardial cells
how do the myocardial cells receive blood?
right and left coronary artery outside of the heart wall
myocardial infarction is also known as a
heart attack
heart disoder where a blood clot plugs one of the branches of a coronary artery, little to no blood can reach some of the heart muscle cells and become ischemic (deprived of oxygen) so they cannot contract and soon die
myocardial infarction
buildup of fatty material called plaque on the inside of the coronary arteries
arteriosclerosis
arteriosclerosis causes chest pain called
angina
vasodilator that is often used as medication for angina
nitroglycerin
function is to pump blood in sufficient amounts to meet the needs of the cells of the body for the substances that it transports
heart
means a complete heartbeat, gives milking action to the heart
the cardiac cycle
systole means
contraction
diastole means
relaxation
normal adult heart pumps about __ of blood every minute throughout life
5 L
another term for cardiac muscle
myocardium
3 parts of the heart’s electrical system
SA node (sinoatrial node)
AV node (atrioventricular node)
His-Purkinje system
known as the heart’s natural pacemaker, has special cells that makes your heart beat
SA node (sinoatrial node)
the bridge between the atria and ventricles, where electrical signals pass from the atria down to the ventricles (back-up)
AV node (atrioventricular node)
carries electrical signals throughout the ventricles to make them contract
His-Purkinje system
1 test done to see if you’ve had a heart attack
troponin
P-wave is generated on an EKG by
SA node firing and atrium squeezing, AV node pauses
QRS complex is generated on an EKG by
ventricles squeezing
T-wave is generated on an EKG by
ventricles relaxing
disorders of the ___
angina
myocardial infarction
congestive heart failure
bacterial endocarditis
coronary heart disease (most common)
heart
laboratory tests for ___
troponin
cholesterol
CK
AST
LD
microbiology cultures
potassium
myoglobin
heart
outermost layer of a vein or artery, consists mainly of collagen fibers that act as a supportive element
tunica adventitia or tunica externa
middle layer of an artery or vein
tunica media
the innermost layer of an artery or vein, made up of one layer of endothelial cells
tunica intima or tunica interna
inside cavity of a blood vessel
lumen
blood vessels that lead blood away from the heart
carry unoxygenated blood to lungs, and oxygenated blood to the body
arteries
another term for small arteries
arterioles
the only artery that does not carry oxygen rich blood
pulmonary artery
arteries have ___ walls than veins
thicker
blood vessels that lead blood towards the heart
carry deoxygenated blood from body to heart, and oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
veins
veins contain ___ that prevent the blood from flowing back with the force of gravity
valves
veins have ___ walls than arteries
thinner
most common veins used for phlebotomy
median veins
thumb side is also known as
cephalic
little finger side is also known as
basilic
smallest blood vessels that connect the arterioles to the venules
capillaries
where gases, nutrients, waste products and other substances are exchanged
capillaries
blood in the capillary bed is a mixture of arterial and venous blood (t/f)
true
system that assists in defending the body agains infections, and assists in the circulation system in draining fluid from body tissues
lymphatic system
contains plasma fluid, white blood cells, carbon dioxide, and other chemicals that the body must flush out
lymphatic fluid
lumps of tissue that act as filters as the fluid passes through
become enlarged and tender when helping fight off infection
main functions are defense and hemopoiesis
lymph nodes
before birth RBCs are formed in the
spleen
carries on phagocytosis, and is also a blood reserve
where hemopoiesis takes place
spleen
disorders of the ___ system
Hodgkin disease
infection mononucleosis (kissing disease)
lymphangitis
lymphadenopathy
lymphoma
lymphatic
lab tests for ___
bone marrow biopsy
CBC
microbiology cultures
lymph node biopsy
mono test
lymphatic system
bloot clot that forms in a large vein in the leg
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
genetic disorder characterized by bleeding due to increased coagulation time
hemophilia
abnormal decrease in platelets
thrombocytopenia
pathological, widespread clotting and fibrinolysis at the same time, which coagulation factors are consumed to such extent that bleeding occurs
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
most common type of hemophilia, also called factor VIII deficiency
hemophilia A
second most common type of hemophilia, also called factor IX deficiency
hemophilia B
when platelets stick to the damaged tissue
platelet adhesion
when platelets stick to each other
platelet aggregation
reduction in the diameter of blood vessel caused by contraction of smooth muscle fibers in the tunica media
vasoconstriction
in vitro
in a test tube
in vivo
in a living body
conversion of liquid such as blood into semisolid gel called a clot
coagulation
arrest or stoppage of bleeding
hemostasis
abnormal reduction in the number of RBCs in the circulating blood
anemia
cancer usually involving multiplication of immature WBCs in the blood
leukemia
normal increase in WBCs in the circulating blood
leukocytosis
abnormal decrease in WBCs
leukopenia
disorder involving uncontrolled growth of malignant plasma cells
multiple myeloma
abnormal increase in RBCs
polycythemia
hereditary anemia involving abnormal hemoglobin that distorts RBCs into a crescent (sickle) shape
sickle cell anemia
increased number of platelets
thrombocytosis
decreased number of platelets
thrombocytopenia
localized dilation or bulging in the wall of a blood vessel, usually an artery
aneurysm
thickening, hardeing, and loss of elasticity of artery walls
arteriosclerosis
form of arteriosclerosis involving thickening of the intima of the artery due to buildup of plaque
atherosclerosis
blood clot, part of a blood clot or ther mass of undissolved matter circulating in the blood stream
embolus
obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus
embolism
varicose veins in the rectal area
hemorrhoids
inflammation of a vein
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein along with thrombus (blood clot) formation
thrombophlebitis
blood clot in a blood vessel or organ
thrombus
swollen, knotted superficial veins
varicose veins
the only vein that carries oxygenated blood
pulmonary vein
outer layer of the heart
epicardium
middle layer of the heart
myocardium
inner layer of the heart
endocardium
a thin, fluid-filled sac surrounding the heart
pericardium
