Unit 2 Part 3 Flashcards
1
Q
main function of this system is to transport and carry O2 and food to all the cells, and CO2 and wastes from the cells
A
circulatory
2
Q
one of the fluids of the body, made up of water, solutes, and cells
A
blood
3
Q
another term for white blood cells
A
leukocytes
4
Q
another term for red blood cells
A
erythrocytes
5
Q
another term for thrombocytes
A
platelets
6
Q
normal blood volume is approx ____
A
4.73 L
7
Q
class of WBCs that have granulars, nucleus is segmented
A
granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
8
Q
class of WBCs that have no granules, nucleus is unsegmented
A
non-granulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)
9
Q
class of cells formed in the myeloid tissue (bone marrow)
A
myeloid cells
10
Q
cells formed in the bone marrow
A
RBCs
platelets
granular leukocytes (neuts, eos, baso)
11
Q
non granulocytes formed in the lymphatic tissue (mainly spleen and lymph nodes)
A
lymphoid cells
12
Q
most numerous type of WBC
stain with the Wright stain
have 2-3 lobes
granules stain pink
A
neutrophils
13
Q
least numerous type of WBC
stain with the Wright stain
have an S shaped nucleus
granules stain black
A
basophils
14
Q
two-lobed nucleus
stain with the Wright stain
have two oval lobes (nucleus)
granules stain orange
A
eosinophils
15
Q
first WBC to arrive at an infection site
A
neutrophil
16
Q
WBC that neutralizes the effects of histamine in allergic reactions and destroy certain parasitic worms
A
eosinophil
17
Q
WBC that releases histamines
A
basophil
18
Q
second most numerous type of WBC, has one large nucleus
A
lymphocytes
19
Q
largest WBC with the longest lifespan, has one nucleus (often with a cleft), and is responsible for general cleanup of the infection site
A
monocytes
20
Q
cell responsible for detecting, engulfing and destroying pathogens
A
macrophage
21
Q
macrophages are produced through differentiation fo monocytes (t/f)
A
true
22
Q
main function of WBC
A
fight infection through phagocytosis
23
Q
WBCs pass through several stages starting with a ____ cell before becoming mature WBCs
A
stem
24
Q
leukocytosis is a(n) ___ in WBCs
A
increase
25
leukopenia is a(n) ___ in WBCs
decrease
26
high amount of neutrophils usually indicates a ___ infection
bacterial
27
high amount of lymphocytes usually indicates a ___ infection
viral
28
another term for red blood cells
erythrocytes
29
a ____ RBC has no nucleus
mature
30
there are __ oxygen molecules for every hemoglobin molecule
4
31
immature RBCs still have the nucleus in them, and are also called ___
reticulocytes (retics)
32
___ is broken down by the liver, spleen and bone marrow
hemoglobin
33
normal WBC count is ___ per cubic mL of blood
5000 - 9000 (5.0-9.0 x 10^9/L)
34
normal RBC count is ___ per cubic mL of blood
4.5 - 5.5 million (4.5-5.5 x 10^12/L)
35
normal platelet count is ___ per cubic mL of blood
150,000 - 450,000 (150-450 x 10^9/L)
36
cell fragments formed from megakaryocyte in the bone marrow, have no nucleus
platelets
37
another term for platelets
thrombocytes
38
main function of platelets
help in the clotting process
39
formation of RBCs is also called
erythropoiesis
40
main function of RBC
transport or carry O2 from lungs to body and CO2 from body to lungs when combined with hgb
41
a dynamic process whereby blood coagulation is initiated and terminated in a rapid and tightly regulated fashion
hemostasis
42
3 basic components that regulate hemostasis
vascular wall
platelets
coagulation cascade
43
constriction of the damaged blood vessels and formation of platelet plug
primary hemostasis
44
coagulation factors present in the blood interact, forming a fibring meshwork (clot)
secondary hemostasis
45
4 steps of the Hemostatic Process
1. vasoconstriction
2. formation of primary platelet plug
3. progression of stable clot -- hemostatic plug
4. fibrinolysis
46
formation of primary platelet plug happens within ___ seconds of injury
15
47
initiated by tissue factors, coagulation factors taht are found in tissues not in the blood stream
extrinsic pathway
48
test used to evaluate extrinsic pathway
prothrombin time (PT/INR)
49
coagulation factors that involve the bloodstream
intrinsic pathway
50
test used to evaluate intrinsic pathway
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
51
both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways lead to this pathway, in which fibrin is produced to seal off the vessel
common pathway
52
natural element in our body that prevents clotting
heparin
53
he process by which fibrin is dissolved
fibrinolysis
54
how can you stimulate platelets?
bring them in contact with a rough surface
55
antigens are on/in ___
RBCs
56
antibodies are on/in ___
plasma
57
also called the Rh factor
D antigen
58
disorders of the ___ system:
anemia
embolus
hemophilia
leukemia
polycythemia
multiple myeloma
sickle cell anemia
deep vein thrombosis
phlebitis
thrombocytopenia
thrombus
varicose veins
hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
circulatory
59
lab tests for ___ system:
CBC (#1)
PT/INR
cross match
iron (Fe)/ TIBC
PTT
factor studies
circulatory
60
most common anemia, caused by a decrease in iron, which is needed for hgb production
iron deficiency anemia
61
anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor in the digestive tract
pernicious anemia
62
required for the absorption of Vitamin B12, which is necessary for normal maturing of RBCs
intrinsic factor
63
failure of bone marrow to produce enough RBCs as well as WBCs and platelets is the cause of this anemia
aplastic anemia
64
anemia caused by an excessive destruction of RBCs, often becuase they are deformed
causes jaundice due to bilirubin buildup in the blood
hemolytic anemia
65
increased number of RBCs (maybe WBCs and platelets) produced by the bone marrow, blood becomes thick and puts a strain on the heart
polycythemia vera
66
___ of blood is plasma
50-55%
67
four chambered muscular organ, shaped and sized roughly like a man's closed fist
heart
68
the heart is divided into ___ chambers
4
69
upper chamber of the heart
atria
70
lower chamber of the heart
ventricles
71
ventricles are larger and have thicker walls than atria (t/f)
true
72
left ventricle has thicker walls than the right (t/f)
true
73
the left ventricle has to pump blood to the ___
body, except lungs
74
the right ventricle has to pump blood to the ___
lungs only
75
tricuspid and mitral valve (bicuspid)
cuspid valves
76
pulmonary valve and aortic valve
semilunar valve
77
guards the opening between the atria and ventricles, prevent back flow
cuspid valves (tricuspid and mitral)
78
right cuspid valve guards opening between the right atrium and right ventricle, where deoxygenated blood passes through, and is also called
tricuspid valve
79
left cuspid valve guards opening between the left atrium and left ventricle, where oxygenated blood passes through, and is also called
mitral/bicuspid valve
80
guards the opening between the ventricles and the pulmonary artery (to the lungs) and the aorta, prevent back flow
semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic)
81
heart cells are also known as
myocardial cells
82
how do the myocardial cells receive blood?
right and left coronary artery outside of the heart wall
83
myocardial infarction is also known as a
heart attack
84
heart disoder where a blood clot plugs one of the branches of a coronary artery, little to no blood can reach some of the heart muscle cells and become ischemic (deprived of oxygen) so they cannot contract and soon die
myocardial infarction
85
buildup of fatty material called plaque on the inside of the coronary arteries
arteriosclerosis
86
arteriosclerosis causes chest pain called
angina
87
vasodilator that is often used as medication for angina
nitroglycerin
88
function is to pump blood in sufficient amounts to meet the needs of the cells of the body for the substances that it transports
heart
89
means a complete heartbeat, gives milking action to the heart
the cardiac cycle
90
systole means
contraction
91
diastole means
relaxation
92
normal adult heart pumps about __ of blood every minute throughout life
5 L
93
another term for cardiac muscle
myocardium
94
3 parts of the heart's electrical system
SA node (sinoatrial node)
AV node (atrioventricular node)
His-Purkinje system
95
known as the heart's natural pacemaker, has special cells that makes your heart beat
SA node (sinoatrial node)
96
the bridge between the atria and ventricles, where electrical signals pass from the atria down to the ventricles (back-up)
AV node (atrioventricular node)
97
carries electrical signals throughout the ventricles to make them contract
His-Purkinje system
98
#1 test done to see if you've had a heart attack
troponin
99
P-wave is generated on an EKG by
SA node firing and atrium squeezing, AV node pauses
100
QRS complex is generated on an EKG by
ventricles squeezing
101
T-wave is generated on an EKG by
ventricles relaxing
102
disorders of the ___
angina
myocardial infarction
congestive heart failure
bacterial endocarditis
coronary heart disease (most common)
heart
103
laboratory tests for ___
troponin
cholesterol
CK
AST
LD
microbiology cultures
potassium
myoglobin
heart
104
outermost layer of a vein or artery, consists mainly of collagen fibers that act as a supportive element
tunica adventitia or tunica externa
105
middle layer of an artery or vein
tunica media
106
the innermost layer of an artery or vein, made up of one layer of endothelial cells
tunica intima or tunica interna
107
inside cavity of a blood vessel
lumen
108
blood vessels that lead blood away from the heart
carry unoxygenated blood to lungs, and oxygenated blood to the body
arteries
109
another term for small arteries
arterioles
110
the only artery that does not carry oxygen rich blood
pulmonary artery
111
arteries have ___ walls than veins
thicker
112
blood vessels that lead blood towards the heart
carry deoxygenated blood from body to heart, and oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
veins
113
veins contain ___ that prevent the blood from flowing back with the force of gravity
valves
114
veins have ___ walls than arteries
thinner
115
most common veins used for phlebotomy
median veins
116
thumb side is also known as
cephalic
117
little finger side is also known as
basilic
118
smallest blood vessels that connect the arterioles to the venules
capillaries
119
where gases, nutrients, waste products and other substances are exchanged
capillaries
120
blood in the capillary bed is a mixture of arterial and venous blood (t/f)
true
121
system that assists in defending the body agains infections, and assists in the circulation system in draining fluid from body tissues
lymphatic system
122
contains plasma fluid, white blood cells, carbon dioxide, and other chemicals that the body must flush out
lymphatic fluid
123
lumps of tissue that act as filters as the fluid passes through
become enlarged and tender when helping fight off infection
main functions are defense and hemopoiesis
lymph nodes
124
before birth RBCs are formed in the
spleen
125
carries on phagocytosis, and is also a blood reserve
where hemopoiesis takes place
spleen
126
disorders of the ___ system
Hodgkin disease
infection mononucleosis (kissing disease)
lymphangitis
lymphadenopathy
lymphoma
lymphatic
127
lab tests for ___
bone marrow biopsy
CBC
microbiology cultures
lymph node biopsy
mono test
lymphatic system
128
bloot clot that forms in a large vein in the leg
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
129
genetic disorder characterized by bleeding due to increased coagulation time
hemophilia
130
abnormal decrease in platelets
thrombocytopenia
131
pathological, widespread clotting and fibrinolysis at the same time, which coagulation factors are consumed to such extent that bleeding occurs
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
132
most common type of hemophilia, also called factor VIII deficiency
hemophilia A
133
second most common type of hemophilia, also called factor IX deficiency
hemophilia B
134
when platelets stick to the damaged tissue
platelet adhesion
135
when platelets stick to each other
platelet aggregation
136
reduction in the diameter of blood vessel caused by contraction of smooth muscle fibers in the tunica media
vasoconstriction
137
in vitro
in a test tube
138
in vivo
in a living body
139
conversion of liquid such as blood into semisolid gel called a clot
coagulation
140
arrest or stoppage of bleeding
hemostasis
141
abnormal reduction in the number of RBCs in the circulating blood
anemia
142
cancer usually involving multiplication of immature WBCs in the blood
leukemia
143
normal increase in WBCs in the circulating blood
leukocytosis
144
abnormal decrease in WBCs
leukopenia
145
disorder involving uncontrolled growth of malignant plasma cells
multiple myeloma
146
abnormal increase in RBCs
polycythemia
147
hereditary anemia involving abnormal hemoglobin that distorts RBCs into a crescent (sickle) shape
sickle cell anemia
148
increased number of platelets
thrombocytosis
149
decreased number of platelets
thrombocytopenia
150
localized dilation or bulging in the wall of a blood vessel, usually an artery
aneurysm
151
thickening, hardeing, and loss of elasticity of artery walls
arteriosclerosis
152
form of arteriosclerosis involving thickening of the intima of the artery due to buildup of plaque
atherosclerosis
153
blood clot, part of a blood clot or ther mass of undissolved matter circulating in the blood stream
embolus
154
obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus
embolism
155
varicose veins in the rectal area
hemorrhoids
156
inflammation of a vein
phlebitis
157
inflammation of a vein along with thrombus (blood clot) formation
thrombophlebitis
158
blood clot in a blood vessel or organ
thrombus
159
swollen, knotted superficial veins
varicose veins
160
the only vein that carries oxygenated blood
pulmonary vein
161
outer layer of the heart
epicardium
162
middle layer of the heart
myocardium
163
inner layer of the heart
endocardium
164
a thin, fluid-filled sac surrounding the heart
pericardium
