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Biology Grade 11 ~ Summer School > Unit 4-Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Unit 4-Lesson 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

A macromolecule or essential element that helps to fuel bodily functioning

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2
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

Essential nutrients: the basic raw materials they need to make their own structures, perform their life functions, and obtain energy for survival

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3
Q

What do organic molecules contain?

A

Organic molecules contain carbon bonded to hydrogen, as well as to other atoms, such as oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen

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4
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Macromolecules are larger, more complex assemblies of organic molecules, also known as nutrients

These are the raw materials that out bodies need to provide energy, to regulate cellular activities, and to build and repair tissues

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5
Q

What are the four major categories of Macromolecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acid
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6
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Molecules that always contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Provide short term or long term energy storage for organisms

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7
Q

What are the two main types of carbohydrates?

A
  • Simple sugars
  • Polysaccharides
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8
Q

What are the two characteristics of Lipids?

A
  • Are insoluble in water
  • The basic structure of lipid is a molecule of glycerol
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9
Q

What are proteins?

A

Assembled from small sub-units known as amino acids

Most enzymes are proteins, and so are antibodies, which combat disease

Proteins help build and repair muscles and cell

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10
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Nucleic acids direct growth and development of all organisms using a chemical code

Found in any life forms

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11
Q

What are the two type of nucleic acids?

A

The two type of nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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12
Q

What are minerals and vitamins?

A

Inorganic and organic substances that enable chemical reactions to occur and did in tissues development, growth and immunity

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13
Q

Water makes up 2/3 of body mass (T/F)

A

True

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14
Q

What are the functions of water?

A
  • Transporting dissolved nutrients into the cells that line the small intestine
  • Flushing toxins from cells
  • Lubricating tissues and joints
  • Forming essential body fluids, such as blood and mucus
  • Regulating body temperature (by sweating)
  • Eliminating waste materials (in urine and sweat)
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15
Q

What are the 2 types of digestion?

A

Intercellular digestion
Extracellular digestion

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16
Q

List the characteristics for Intercellular digestion

A
  • Intercellular digestion:
    • Digestion inside the cell
    • Phagocytosis - cell engulfs the food
      • Example: single celled organisms
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17
Q

List the characteristics of Extracellular digestion

A
  • Digestion outside the cells
    • Food enters a tube and exits from the other end
      • Example: most animals, human digestive
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18
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

The physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller ones

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19
Q

How does mechanical digestion help digestion?

A

This increase the surface area of the food, allowing more enzymes to come into contact with the food

20
Q

What is chemical ingestion?

A

The chemical breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones

21
Q

How are Carbohydrate broken down?

A

Carbohydrate: Polysaccharides (starch) are broken into monosaccharides (simple sugars)

22
Q

How are Proteins broken down?

A

Proteins: are broken down into amino acids

23
Q

How are Lipids broken down?

A

Lipids: (mainly triglycerides) are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol

24
Q

What are the two type of feeders?

A
  • Autotrophs
    • Can feed themselves from inorganic molecules
      • Example: plants and photosynthesis
  • Heterotrophs
    • Depend on organic compounds made by other living thins
      • Example: animals, fungi, bacteria, etc
25
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

The digestive system is used for breaking down food into nutrients which then pass into the circulatory system and are taken to where they are needed in the body

26
Q

What are the 4 stages of food processing?

A
  • Ingestion: taking in food
  • Digestion: breaking down food into nutrients
  • Absorption: taking in nutrients by cells
  • Egestion: removing any leftover waste
27
Q

What are the steps to digestion?

A
  • Begins when food enters the mouth (oral cavity)
  • It is physically broken down by the teeth (mechanical)
  • It is chemically broken down by enzymes released from the salivary glands
  • The tongue moves the food around until it forms a ball called a bolus
  • The bolus is passed to the pharynx (throat) and the epiglottis makes sure the bolus passes into the esophagus and not down the trachea
    The bolus passes down the esophagus by peristalsis
    To enter the stomach, the bolus must pass through the lower esophageal sphincter, a tight muscle that keeps stomach acid out of the esophagus
    The stomach has folds called rugae and is a big muscular pouch which churns the bolus (physical digestion)
    The bolus is mixed with gastric juice, a mixture of stomach acid and enzymes (chemical digestion)
    The digested bolus is now called chyme and it leaves the stomach by passing through the pyloric sphincter
28
Q

What is Peristalsis?

A

Peristalsis is a wave of muscular contractions that push the bolus down towards the stomach

29
Q

What are the 3 parts that the small intestine is broken down into?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Iluem

30
Q

What happens in the Duodenum intestine?

A

Bile enters through the bile duct. It breaks down fats
The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice to reduce the acidity of the chyme

31
Q

What happens in the Jejunum intestine?

A
  • The Jejunum is where the majority of absorption takes place
  • It has tiny finger-like projections called villi lining it, which increase the surface area for absorbing nutrients
    • Each villi itself has tiny fingerlike projections called microvilli, which further increase the surface area for absorption
32
Q

What happens in the Ileum intestine?

A

The last portion of the small intestine is the ileum, which has fewer villi and basically compacts the leftovers to pass through the caecum into the large intestine

33
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

The large intestine (or colon) is used to absorb water from the waste material leftover and to produce vitamin K and some B vitamins using the helpful bacteria that live here

34
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A
  • Food cannot be broken down into small enough nutrients by physical digestion alone
  • Special enzymes in our body help chemically break down the food into small nutrients
35
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are special proteins made at ribosomes

36
Q

What are the 3 classes of enzymes?

A
  • Carbohydrases break down carbs
  • Proteinases break down proteins
  • Lipases break down lipids
37
Q

What are Glands?

A

Glands are usually connected to the digestive system through special tubes called ducts

38
Q

When does an Enzyme perform best?

A
  • Every enzyme performs best under its own optimal conditions
  • This depends on temperature, pH and the presence/absence of certain ions or vitamins and minerals
39
Q

What protects the stomach by being eaten by acid?

A

Mucus protects the lining of the stomach from being eaten away by the acid

40
Q

What does a Pancreas do?

A

Produces and releases into the small intestine:
- Enzymes that act on proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
- Bicarbonate solution to raise the pH of the chyme
Produces and releases into the blood stream:
- Insulin that converts glucose to glycogen, which gets stored in the blood cells for later use

41
Q

What does the Liver do?

A
  • Makes bile, which aids in fat digestion
  • Most of the glycogen is stored here
  • Vitamins A, D, E, K are stored here
42
Q

What does the Gall Bladder do?

A
  • Stores the bile produced in the liver
  • Releases bile into the small intestine
43
Q

What are some illnesses of the Gall Bladder?

A
  • Illness of the gall bladder includes:
    • Gall stones: crystals of bile salts around the cholesterol
    • Jaundice: collection of bile pigment in blood
44
Q

What are Hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical regulators, they also help control digestive enzymes

45
Q

What is Salivary amylase?

A

Enzyme that begins to break down carbohydrates

Biology Grade 11 ~ Summer School (22 decks)

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