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Biology 151 > Unit 4 lecuture 1 part 2 11/7/22 > Flashcards

Unit 4 lecuture 1 part 2 11/7/22 Flashcards

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1
Q

Enzymes in the _________ modify _________ (RNA processing) before the genetic messages are dispatched to the _________

A

eukaryotic nucleus
pre-mRNA
cytoplasm

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2
Q

During RNA processing, _________ ends of the primary transcript are altered

A

both

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3
Q

Also, usually some _________ of the molecule are cut out and the other parts _________

A

interior parts
spliced together

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4
Q

The _________ receives a modified _________________

A

5’ end
G nucleotide 5’ cap

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5
Q

The 3′ end gets a _________

A

Poly A tail

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6
Q

These modifications share several functions:
Facilitating the export of _________ to the _________
Protecting _________ from _________
Helping _________ attach to the _________

A

mRNA
cytoplasm
mRNA
hydrolytic enzymes
5’ end

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7
Q

Most _________ have long noncoding stretches of nucleotides that lie between coding regions

A

eukaryotic mRNAs

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8
Q

The noncoding regions are called _________, or _________

A

intervening sequences
introns

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9
Q

The other regions are called _________ and are usually translated into _________ sequences

A

exons
amino acids

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10
Q

_________ removes _________ and joins _________, creating an mRNA molecule with a __________________

A

RNA splicing
introns
exons
continuous coding sequence

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11
Q

Many genes can give rise to _________ different polypeptides, depending on which segments are used as _________

A

two or more
exons

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12
Q

This process is called __________________, and is carried out by _________

A

alternative RNA splicing
spliceosome

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13
Q

_________ consist of _________ and small _________

A

spliceosomes
proteins
RNAs

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14
Q

_________ are RNA molecules that function as enzymes

A

Ribozymes

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15
Q

RNA splicing can occur _________, or even additional RNA molecules, and introns can catalyze _________

A

without proteins
their own splicing

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16
Q

A cell _________ an mRNA message into _________ with the help of __________________

A

translates
protein
transfer RNA(tRNA)

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17
Q

_________ transfer _________ to the growing _________ in a _________

A

tRNAs
amino acids
polypeptide
ribosome

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18
Q

Each _________ can translate a particular _________ into a given _________

A

tRNA
mRNA codon
amino acid

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19
Q

The _________ contains an amino acid at one end and at the other end has a _________ that can pair with the _________ on _________

A

tRNA
nucleotide triplet
complementary codon
mRNA

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20
Q

A _________ molecule consists of a single RNA strand that is only about _________ long

A

tRNA
80 nucleotides

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21
Q

tRNA molecules can base-pair with _________

A

themselves

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22
Q

Flattened into one plane, a tRNA molecule looks like a _________

A

cloverleaf

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23
Q

In three dimensions, _________ is roughly _________, where one end of the L contains the _________ that base-pairs with an mRNA codon

A

tRNA
L-shaped
anticodon

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24
Q

First: a correct match between a _________ and an _________, done by the enzyme __________________

A

tRNA
amino acid
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

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25
Q

Second: a correct match between the _________ and an _________

A

tRNA anticodon
mRNA codon

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26
Q

Flexible pairing at the _________ of a codon is called _________ and allows some tRNAs to bind to __________________

A

3rd base
wobble
more than 1 codon

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27
Q

_________ facilitate specific coupling of _________ with _________ during protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes
tRNA anticodons
mRNA codons

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28
Q

The large and small ribosomal subunits are made of _________ and __________________

A

proteins
ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs)

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29
Q

In bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes the large and small subunits join to form a ribosome only when attached to an _________

A

mRNA molecule

30
Q

A ribosome has _________ binding sites for tRNA

A

3

31
Q

The _________ holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain

A

P site

32
Q

The _________ holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain

A

A site

33
Q

The _________ is the exit site, where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome

A

E site

34
Q

The three stages of translation:
_________
_________
_________

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

35
Q

All three stages require _________ that aid in the translation process

A

protein “factors”

36
Q

The _________ stage of translation brings together _________, a _________ with the first _________, and the two _________

A

initiation
mRNA
tRNA
amino acid
ribosomal subunits

37
Q

Then the small subunit moves along the mRNA until it reaches the _________

A

start codon (AUG)

38
Q

The _________ is important because it establishes the reading frame for the mRNA

A

start codon

39
Q

The addition of the __________________ and completes the formation of the __________________

A

large ribosomal subunit is last
translation initiation complex

40
Q

Proteins called _________ bring all these components together

A

initiation factors

41
Q

During _________, amino acids are added one by one to the previous amino acid at the _________ of the growing chain

A

elongation
C-terminus

42
Q

Each addition involves proteins called _________ and occurs in three steps: _________, _________, and _________

A

elongation factors
codon recognition
peptide bond formation
translocation

43
Q

_________ proceeds along the mRNA in a 5′ to 3′ direction

A

Translation

44
Q

_________ occurs when a _________ in the _________ reaches the A site of the _________

A

Termination
stop codon
mRNA
ribosome

45
Q

The _________ accepts a protein called a _________

A

A site
release factor

46
Q

The _________ causes the addition of a _________ instead of an _________

A

release factor
water molecule
amino acid

47
Q

This reaction releases the _________, and the translation assembly then comes apart

A

polypeptide

48
Q

Two populations of ribosomes are evident in cells: _________ (in the _________) and _________ (attached to the _________)

A

free ribosomes
cytosol
bound ribosomes
ER

49
Q

_________ mostly synthesize proteins that function in the _________

A

Free ribosomes
cytosol

50
Q

_________ synthesis always begins in the _________

A

Polypeptide
cytosol

51
Q

Polypeptides destined for the ER or for secretion are marked by a _________

A

signal peptide

52
Q

A __________________ (SRP) binds to the signal peptide

A

signal recognition particle

53
Q

Strings of ribosomes called _________ (or polysomes) can be seen with an electron microscope

A

polyribosomes

54
Q

In bacteria, the transcription and translation can take _________

A

place simultaneously

55
Q

In eukaryotes, the _________ separates transcription and translation

A

nuclear envelope

56
Q

_________ are changes in the genetic material of a cell or virus

A

Mutations

57
Q

_________ are chemical changes in just one or a few nucleotide pairs of a gene

A

point mutations

58
Q

_________ within a gene can be divided into _________ general categories

A

Point mutations
2

59
Q

Nucleotide-pair _________

A

substitutions

60
Q

One or more nucleotide-pair _________ or _________

A

insertions
deletions

61
Q

A nucleotide-pair _________ replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

A

substitution

62
Q

_________ have no effect on the amino acid produced by a codon because of redundancy in the genetic code

A

silent mutations

63
Q

_________ mutations still code for an amino acid, but not the correct amino acid

A

Missense

64
Q

_________ mutations are usually _________ mutations

A

Substitutions
missense

65
Q

_________ change an amino acid codon into a stop codon, nearly always leading to a _________ protein

A

nonsense mutations
nonfunctional

66
Q

_________ and _________ are additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene

A

insertions
deletions

67
Q

These mutations have a disastrous effect on the resulting protein _________ than substitutions do

A

more often

68
Q

Insertion or deletion of nucleotides may alter the reading frame of the genetic message, producing a _________

A

frameshift mutation

69
Q

_________ are physical or chemical agents that can cause mutations

A

mutagens

70
Q

Most cancer-causing chemicals (_________) are mutagenic

A

carcinogens

Biology 151 (20 decks)

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