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Biology 151 > Unit 4 Lecture 1 11/2/22 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Lecture 1 11/2/22 Flashcards

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1
Q

The information content of genes is in the form of specific _________ in DNA

A

sequences of nucleotides

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2
Q

The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the _________

A

synthesis of proteins

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3
Q

Proteins are the links between _________ and _________

A

genotype
phenotype

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4
Q

_________, the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: _________ and _________

A

Gene expression
transcription
translation

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5
Q

In 1902, British physician _________ first suggested that genes dictate phenotypes through _________ that catalyze specific chemical reactions

A

Archibald Garrod
enzymes

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6
Q

_________ and _________ disabled genes in bread mold one by one and looked for phenotypic changes

A

George Beadle
Edward Tatum

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7
Q

The researchers amassed a valuable collection of _________ mutant strains, catalogued by their defects

A

Nuerospora

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8
Q

For example, one set of mutants all required _________ for growth

A

Arginine

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9
Q

Some proteins are not enzymes, so researchers later revised the __________________ hypothesis: __________________

A

one gene-one enzyme
one gene-one protein

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10
Q

Many proteins are composed of several _________, each of which has its own _________

A

polypeptides
gene

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11
Q

_________ is the bridge between DNA and protein synthesis

A

RNA

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12
Q

RNA is chemically similar to DNA, but RNA has a _________ and the base _________ rather than _________

A

Ribose sugar
Uracil (U)
Thymine (T)

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13
Q

RNA is usually _________

A

single stranded

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14
Q

Getting from DNA to protein requires two stages: _________ and _________

A

Transcription
Translation

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15
Q

_________ is the synthesis of _________ using information in _________

A

Transcription
RNA
DNA

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16
Q

Transcription produces __________________

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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17
Q

_________ is the synthesis of a polypeptide, using information in the mRNA

A

Translation

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18
Q

_________ are the sites of translation

A

Ribosomes

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19
Q

In _________, _________ of mRNA can begin before _________ has finished

A

Prokaryotes
Translation
Transcription

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20
Q

In _________, the _________ separates transcription from translation

A

Eukaryotes
nuclear envelope

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21
Q

_________ RNA transcripts are modified through _________ to yield the finished _________

A

Eukaryoitc
RNA Processing
mRNA

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22
Q

Eukaryotic mRNA must be _________ out of the _________ to be translated

A

Transported
Nucleus

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23
Q

A _________ is the initial RNA transcript from any gene prior to processing

A

Primary transcript

24
Q

The _________ is the concept that cells are governed by a cellular chain of command (_________ -> _________ -> _________)

A

Central Dogma
DNA -> RNA -> Protein

25
Q

There are _________, but there are only four nucleotide bases in DNA

A

20 Amino acids

26
Q

How many _________ correspond to an _________?

A

Nucleotides
Amino acids

27
Q

The flow of information from gene to protein is based on a _________ : a series of nonoverlapping, three-nucleotide sequences

A

Triplet code

28
Q

Sequences of a gene are transcribed into complementary nonoverlapping three-nucleotide sequence of _________

A

mRNA

29
Q

These sequences are then translated into a chain of _________, forming a _________

A

Amino acids
Polypeptide

30
Q

During _________, one of the two DNA strands, called the _________, provides a template for ordering the sequence of complementary nucleotides in an RNA transcript

A

Transcription
Template strand

31
Q

The template strand is __________________ strand for any given gene

A

always the same

32
Q

During translation, the mRNA base triplets, called _________, are read in the 5′ to 3′ direction

A

Codons

33
Q

Each codon specifies the _________ (one of 20) to be placed at the corresponding position along a polypeptide

A

Amino acid

34
Q

All _________ codons were deciphered by the mid-1960s

A

64

35
Q

Of the 64 triplets, _________ code for _________; 3 triplets are _________ signals to end translation

A

61
amino acids
“stop”

36
Q

The genetic code is _________ : more than one codon may specify a particular amino acid

A

Redundant

37
Q

But it is not _________ : no codon specifies more than one amino acid

A

Ambiguous

38
Q

_________ must be read in the correct _________(correct groupings) in order for the specified polypeptide to be produced

A

Codons
Reading frame

39
Q

Codons are read __________________ in a _________ fashion

A

One at a time
nonoverlapping

40
Q

The _________ is _________, shared by the simplest bacteria and the most complex animals

A

Genetic code
Universal

41
Q

_________ is catalyzed by _________, which pries the DNA strands apart and joins together the RNA nucleotides

A

RNA synthesis
RNA polymerase

42
Q

_________ assemble polynucleotides in the _________ direction

A

RNA polymerases
5’ to 3’

43
Q

Unlike _________, _________ can start a chain without a primer

A

DNA polymerase
RNA polymerases

44
Q

The _________ where _________ attaches is called the _________; in _________, the sequence signaling the end of transcription is called the _________

A

Dna sequence
Rna polymerase
promoter
bacteria
terminator

45
Q

The stretch of DNA that is transcribed is called a _________

A

transcription unit

46
Q

The three stages of _________ :
_________
_________
_________

A

Transcription
initiation
elongation
termination

47
Q

_________ signal the transcriptional start point and usually extend several dozen nucleotide pairs upstream of the start point

A

Promoters

48
Q

__________________ mediate the binding of _________ and the initiation of _________

A

Transcription factors
RNA polymerase
transcription

49
Q

The completed assembly of transcription factors and _________ bound to a _________ is called a _________________

A
50
Q

A promoter called a _________ is crucial in forming the initiation complex in eukaryotes

A

tata box

51
Q

As _________ moves along the _________, it untwists the double helix, _________ at a time

A

RNA polymerase
DNA
10 to 20 bases

52
Q

Transcription progresses at a rate of __________________ in eukaryotes

A

40 nucleotides per second

53
Q

A gene can be transcribed simultaneously by several _________

A

RNA polymerase

54
Q

The mechanisms of _________ are different in _________ and _________

A

Termination
bacteria
eukaryotes

55
Q

In _________, the _________ stops transcription at the end of the terminator and the _________ can be translated without further modification

A

Bacteria
polymerase
mRNA

56
Q

In _________, _________ transcribes the _________ signal sequence; the RNA transcript is released _________ past this __________________

A

eukaryotes
RNA polymerase 2
polyadenylatoin
10 -35 nucleotides
polyanlenylation squared

Biology 151 (20 decks)

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