Unit 3 lecture 2 10/17/22

Question 1

The __________ is the idea that genetic material from the two parents blends together (the way blue and yellow paint blend to make green)

Answer 1

“blending” hypothesis

Question 2

The __________ is the idea that parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes)

Answer 2

“particulate” hypothesis

Question 3

The true-breeding parents are the __________

Answer 3

P generation

Question 4

The hybrid offspring of the P generation are called the __________

Answer 4

F1 generation

Question 5

When F1 individuals self-pollinate or cross- pollinate with other F1 hybrids, the __________ is produced

Answer 5

F2 generation

Question 6

He called the purple flower color a 1.__________ and the white flower color a 2.__________

Answer 6

1.dominant trait
2.recessive trait

Question 7

What Mendel called a “heritable factor” is what we now call a __________

Answer 7

gene

Question 8

Alternative versions of 1.__________ account for 2.__________ in inherited characters

Answer 8

1. genes
2. variations

Question 9

These alternative versions of a gene are now called __________

Answer 9

alleles

Question 10

Each gene resides at a specific __________ on a specific chromosome

Answer 10

locus

Question 11

For each character, an organism inherits __________ alleles, one from each __________

Answer 11

1. two
2. parent

Question 12

If the two alleles at a locus differ, then one (the 1.__________) determines the organism’s appearance, and the other (the 2.__________) has no noticeable effect on appearance

Answer 12

1. dominant allele
2. recessive allele

Question 13

In the flower-color example, the F1 plants had purple flowers because the allele for that trait is dominant Fourth (now known as the __________), the two alleles for a heritable character separate (__________) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

Answer 13

law of segregation
segregate

Question 14

This __________ of alleles corresponds to the distribution of homologous chromosomes to different gametes in meiosis

Answer 14

segregation

Question 15

The possible combinations of sperm and egg can be shown using a __________, a diagram for predicting the results of a genetic cross between individuals of known genetic makeup

Answer 15

punnett square

Question 16

A __________ represents a dominant allele, and a __________ represents a recessive allele

Answer 16

1. capital letter
2. lowercase letter

Question 17

An organism with two identical alleles for a character is said to be __________ for the gene controlling that character

Answer 17

homozygous

Question 18

An organism that has two different alleles for a gene is said to be __________ for the gene controlling that character

Answer 18

heterozygous

Question 19

Unlike homozygotes, heterozygotes are __________ true breeding

Answer 19

not

Question 20

Therefore, we distinguish between an organism’s 1.__________, or physical appearance, and its 2.__________, or genetic makeup

Answer 20

1.phenotype
2.genotype

Question 21

One common mechanism is a __________ in the recessive allele

Answer 21

loss of function

Question 22

Mendel derived the __________ by following a single character

Answer 22

law of segregation

Question 23

A cross between such heterozygotes is called a __________

Answer 23

monohybrid cross

Question 24

Mendel identified his ____________________ by following two characters at the same time

Answer 24

second law of inheritance

Question 25

Crossing two true-breeding parents differing in two characters produces __________ in the F1 generation, heterozygous for both characters

Answer 25

dihybrids

Question 26

A dihybrid cross, a cross between F1 dihybrids, can determine whether two characters are transmitted to offspring as a package or __________

Answer 26

independently

Question 27

The results of Mendel’s dihybrid experiments are the basis for the ____________________

Answer 27

Law of independent assortment

Question 28

Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment reflect the rules of __________

Answer 28

probability

Question 29

The __________ states that the probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities

Answer 29

multiplication rule

Question 30

The __________ states that the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities

Answer 30

addition rule

Question 31

A __________ is equivalent to two or more independent monohybrid crosses occurring simultaneously

Answer 31

dihybrid cross

Question 32

When alleles are __________ completely dominant or recessive

Answer 32

not

Question 33

When a gene has __________ alleles

Answer 33

more than 2

Question 34

When a single gene influences __________

Answer 34

multiple phenotypes

Question 35

__________ occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

Answer 35

complete dominance

Question 36

In __________, the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

Answer 36

incomplete dominance

Question 37

In __________, two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

Answer 37

codominance

Question 38

Traits influenced by multiple alleles are termed __________

Answer 38

polygenic

Question 39

Most genes have multiple phenotypic effects, a property called __________

Answer 39

pleiotropy

Question 40

In __________, a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus

Answer 40

epistasis

Question 41

____________________ are those that vary in the population along a continuum

Answer 41

quantitative continuous characters

Question 42

The __________ is the phenotypic range of a genotype influenced by the environment

Answer 42

norm of reaction

Question 43

The phenotypic range is generally broadest for __________ characters

Answer 43

polygenic

Question 44

Such characters are called __________ because genetic and environmental factors collectively influence phenotype

Answer 44

multifactorial