Unit 2 lecture 1 9/19/22

Question 1

the phospholipid bilayer is a _______ barrier, meaning only certain compounds can cross it

Answer 1

Selectively permeable

Question 2

_________ are the most abundant compounds in the cell membrane

Answer 2

Phospholipids

Question 3

Phospholipids are _______ meaning the have strongly hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends

Answer 3

Amphipathic

Question 4

the bilayer and constituent parts move and behave in a fluid behavior, described by the _______

Answer 4

Fluid mosaic model

Question 5

______ (cholesterol) and unsaturated fatty-acid tails help the membrane retain its fluid behavior

Answer 5

Steroids

Question 6

Two broad categories of proteins are:
1. _____
2. _____

Answer 6

1.Integral proteins
2.Peripheral proteins

Question 7

______ penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the bilayer

Answer 7

Integral proteins

Question 8

proteins that go all the way through the membrane and are known as _______

Answer 8

transmembrane proteins

Question 9

______ are not embedded in the bilayer, but are often bound to the surface by integral proteins and can exist on both side of the cell membrane

Answer 9

Peripheral proteins

Question 10

Cell-cell recognition is often mediated by molecules containing carbohydrates on the extracellular surface which are generally short branched chains of 15 or less sugar monomers, they may be bound to ________ or to ________

Answer 10

1.lipids (Glycolipids)
2.proteins (Glycoproteins)

Question 11

the cell membrane is ________ with molecular properties impacting how compounds cross

Answer 11

Selectively permeable

Question 12

_______compounds can cross the interior of the membrane with relative ease

Answer 12

Hyrdophobic

Question 13

______ compounds struggle more, even very small molecules like water

Answer 13

Hydrophilic

Question 14

Hydrophilic substances can avoid the hydrophobic interior of the membrane by passing through _____

Answer 14

Transport proteins

Question 15

Examples of transport proteins include:
1. ____
2. ____

Answer 15

1.Channel proteins
2.Carrier proteins

Question 16

_______ function by having a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules use as a tunnel

Answer 16

Channel proteins

Question 17

______ allow the passage of single file water molecules at the rate of 3 billion per second

Answer 17

Aquaporins

Question 18

______ are specific to certain compounds, and undergo a shape change that facilitates their movement across the membrane so they can dump their cargo on one side or the other

Answer 18

Carrier proteins

Question 19

_______ process by which molecules space themselves out

Answer 19

Diffusion

Question 20

The rate of diffusion is driven by a _______ which occurs when two areas have differing concentration

Answer 20

concentration gradient

Question 21

Diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane constitutes ______ because it requires no energy

Answer 21

Passive transport

Question 22

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is a particular type of diffusion called ______

Answer 22

Osmosis

Question 23

The concept of is ______ how a surrounding solution will influence the movement of the solvent (water)

Answer 23

Tonicity

Question 24

In ______ the concentration of solutes is the same inside the cell, as it is outside

Answer 24

isotonic environments

Question 25

In _______ there is a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside causing the cell to shrink

Answer 25

Hypertonic

Question 26

In _______ there is a higher concentration of solutes inside the cell than outside causing the cell to become swollen

Answer 26

Hypptonic

Question 27

Proteins aide the passage of certain certain hydrophilic compounds through the membrane along the osmotic gradient in a process known as _______

Answer 27

Facilitated diffusion

Question 28

_______ requires some energy input and exclusively relies on carrier proteins to move substances against a concentration gradient

Answer 28

Active transport

Question 29

In animal cells, concentrations are _______ inside for Na+

Answer 29

much lower

Question 30

In animal cells, concentrations are ______ for K+

Answer 30

much higher

Question 31

The combination of moving against the gradient and a charge gradient is known as ____

Answer 31

electrochemical gradient

Question 32

Some transport proteins couple the diffusion of a particular solute across a gradient with the movement of another compound against its gradient, a phenomenon known as ______

Answer 32

cotransport

Question 33

_______ carries compounds out of the cell in bulk through the usage of vesicles

Answer 33

Exocytosis

Question 34

_______ carries compounds in of the cell in bulk through the usage of vesicles

Answer 34

Endocytosis

Question 35

_______ are produced in small amounts, and influence behavior of cells in different regions of the body

Answer 35

Hormones

Question 36

Cell signaling occurs in three, distinct stages:
1._____
2._____
3._____

Answer 36

1.Reception
2.Transduction
3.Response

Question 37

______ is the detection of some signaling molecule originating from outside the cell

Answer 37

Reception

Question 38

Reception is dependent upon _____ which are molecules that specifically bind to other molecules

Answer 38

Ligands

Question 39

_______ is the process by which signals are converted to a form that can bring about a specific response involving protein phosphorylation and dephosphoryltion

Answer 39

Transduction