Lecture 4 9/7/22 Flashcards
All multicellular organisms are ____
BUT, not all ____ are multicellular
Eukaryotes
Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have ____ which contains the _____ which is made from cytosol and its components
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm
Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have ____ that make proteins and contain ____
ribosomes, DNA
Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have a limit on their ____
Size
The nucleus is enclosed by and separated from the cytoplasm by the ______
Nuclear envelope
The nuclear side of the envelope is lined by the ____, a netlike array of protein filaments that maintain the shape of the nucleus
Nuclear lamina
DNA in the nucleus exist in association with a series of proteins forming what’s called _____
Chromatin
____ are discrete units formed by chromatin
Chromosomes
The _______ synthesizes a special type of RNA called ribosomal RNA and is located inside the nucleus
nucleolus(pl. necleoli)
______ are complexes made up of ribosomal RNA and protein, and are responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Bound _____ are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum/nuclear envelope
Ribosomes
Free ______ are suspended in the cytosol
Ribosomes
The ______ is a system continuous with the nuclear membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
The Endoplasmic reticulum transfers components either via direct connectivity, or through the use of transport structures called _____
Vesicles
There are 2 parts of The Endoplasmic reticulum: (1)_____, (2)_____ and the difference is due to the lack of ribosomes in the (1)_____
Smooth ER, Rough ER
The______ serves as a major site of lipid synthesis such as membrane phospholipids and steroids
Smooth ER
The _____ is also important in the production of phospholipids, but is additionally studded with ribosomes, making it important for the production of other Proteins/Enzymes
Rough ER
The Rough ER’s products are transported to other parts of cell via _____
Transport vesicles
Many products of the ER are further refined in the ______ where compounds are modified, stored, then sent to other portions of the cell
Golgi apparatus
_____are membranous sacs containing powerful enzymes that breakdown a wide variety of products to recycle their smaller components
Lysosomes
The hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes function best at ___ pH
low(acidic)
chloroplast is the site of _____ which makes glucose
Photosynthesis
______ is where cellular respiration takes place, which makes atp
Mitochondria
Mitochondria and chloroplast are thought to have originated as free-living organisms, described in _____
endosymbiont theory
Mitochondria has two distinct membranes: A smooth outer membrane
A convoluted inner membrane which forms the _____
Mitochondria matrix
______ are single membrane bound structures that contain enzymes which remove hydrogen atoms from certain molecules to form hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisomes
The _____, a network of fibers extending through the cytosol anchors organelles so they are not floating in the cell
cytoskeleton
At the cellular level, we refer to movement as ______ whether big or small
motility
The movement of internal structures is often mediated by _______, which use aspects of the cytoskeleton
motor proteins
The cytoskeleton includes three main types of protein fibers: _____, ______, and _______
Microtubules(thickest)
Microfilaments(thinnest)
Intermediate filaments(in the middle)
Microtubules are hollow rods made from a globular protein called ____ and along with structure they also allow motor proteins to move along them
tubulin
Microtubules originate from a region near the nucleus called the ______
centrosome
Paired structures inside the centrosome called _____ serve to organize the microtubules as they are assembled and extended outward
centiroles
Microtubules form structures such as ___ and ____used for cellular motility
cilia, Flagella
Microfilaments are thin, solid rods made up of globular proteins called __________ and maintain the shape of the plasma membrane
Actin
_______ (named for their diameter relative to the other two) are found only in animal cells (generally)
Intermediate filaments
