Lecture 3 part 2 Flashcards
______ have fewer hydrogens and so include some
Unsaturated fats
______ are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings and are important in cell to cell communicating
Steroids
_____Are the primary catalysts of most metabolic reactions (enzymes)
Proteins
Proteins are made up of monomers called called _____
Amino Acids
A chain of amino acids is known as a _____
polypeptide (held together by peptide bonds)
Amino acids are made up of three, distinct components:
Amino Group
Carboxyl Group
Side chain (R- Group)
The three components are held together by a central carbon called an _____
Alpha Carbon
There are in total ____ amino acids and determined by the ______
20, R-Group
The three categories are based on the R-groups:
Nonpolar
Polar
Electrically charged
Amino acids are formed into chains via dehydration reactions
The resulting ______ are formed between the amino group, and the carboxyl group
Peptide bonds
Proteins are functional because of their ___, which is based on the sequence of amino acids
Shape
Two basic protein conformations are:
Globular Proteins (Spherical)
Fibrous proteins(strands)
____ is the linear chain sequence of amino acids
Primary structure
______ is the result of regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone and are made of hydrogen bonds
Secondary structure
_____ is the coil formed by weak hydrogen bonds
Alpha helix
____ is formed when two or more polypeptide chains are bonded parallel to one another by weak hydrogen bonds
Beta pleated sheet
_____ is the three-dimensional shape resulting from interactions between R groups
Tertiary
____ are the result of hydrophobic amino acids clustering in the center
Hydrophobic interactions
_____ are covalent bonds formed from interactions between __________ monomers
Disulfide Bridges, cysteine
____ form from the association of two or more polypeptides
Quaternary structure
If proteins are not under specific conditions then they become ____
Denatured
The primary unit of inheritance, the ____, is what determines this sequence
Gene
Genes, and other information coding molecules belong to a group of compounds called _____
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are unique among the compounds discussed so far in that they ____
Direct their own replication
There are two types of nucleic acids:
Deoxyriobonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid(RNA)
DNA -> RNA -> Proteins, this progression is known as the _____
Central Dogma
The monomers that make up nucleic acids are called ______
Nucleotides
3 components of a nucleotide
Phosphate Group
Pentose sugar(5-carbon sugar)
Nitrogenous base
There are 5 of nitrogenous bases:
Adenine(A)
Cytosine(C)
Guanine(G)
Thymine(T)
Uracil(U)
______have a single, six-member ring of carbon and nitrogen and include:
Pyrimindines, Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
______ are larger and have a six-member ring fused to a five-member ring
Purines, Adenine
Guanine
The connection is called a _______ and is between the phosphate and pentose sugar portions
Phosphodiester linkage
The resultant sugar phosphate backbone has two free ends:
5’ end, 3’ end
_____ has the phosphate group attached to the 5th carbon in the pentose ring
5’ end
____ has a hydroxyl group attached to the 3rd carbon in the pentose ring
3’ end
DNA has a _____ sugar RNA a _____ sugar
deoxyribose, ribose
DNA has two, complementary polynucleotide strands
held together by _____
hydrogen bonds
Dna is more _____ than Rna
stable
The central dogma describes the process of _____, that is, how proteins are synthesized from DNA
Gene expression
Three letter nucleotide sequences called ____correspond to a specific amino acid
Codons
In making proteins, ___ is transcribed into RNA.The RNA then goes to an organelle called the ribosome, where RNA is translated into the corresponding protein
DNA
