Unit 4 lecture part 2

Question 1

Associated with most eukaryotic genes are multiple __________ __________ , segments of noncoding DNA that serve as binding sites for transcription factors that help regulate transcription

Answer 1

control elements

Question 2

__________ __________ and the __________ __________ they bind are critical for the precise regulation of gene expression in different cell types

Answer 2

control elements
transcription factors

Question 3

To initiate transcription, eukaryotic RNA polymerase requires the assistance of proteins called __________ __________

Answer 3

transcription factors

Question 4

In eukaryotes, high levels of transcription of particular genes depend on interaction between __________ __________ and __________ __________ __________

Answer 4

control elements
specific transcription elements

Question 5

__________ __________ are located close to the promoter

Answer 5

proximal control elements

Question 6

__________ __________ __________ of which are called enhancers, may be far away from a gene or even located in an intron

Answer 6

Distal control elements

Question 7

An __________ is a protein that binds to an __________ and stimulates transcription of a gene

Answer 7

activator
enhance

Question 8

__________ have __________ , one that binds __________ and a second that __________ __________

Answer 8

Activators
2 domains
DNA
activated transcprition

Question 9

__________ __________ facilitate a sequence of protein-protein interactions that result in transcription of a given gene

Answer 9

Bound activators

Question 10

__________ __________ are brought into contact with a group of __________ __________ through __________

Answer 10

Bound activators
mediator proteins
dna bending

Question 11

The __________ __________ in turn interact with proteins at the __________

Answer 11

mediator proteins
promoter

Question 12

Some transcription factors function as __________ , inhibiting expression of a particular gene by a variety of methods

Question 13

Unlike the genes of a __________ , each of the co-expressed eukaryotic genes has a __________ and __________

Question 14

In __________, different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns

Question 15

__________ mRNA generally survives longer than __________ mRNA

Question 16

Nucleotide sequences that influence the life span of mRNA in eukaryotes reside in the __________ at the 3′ end of the molecule

Question 17

The initiation of translation of selected mRNAs can be blocked by __________ that bind to sequences or structures of the __________

Question 18

The length of time each protein functions in a cell is regulated by means of __________

Question 19

To mark a particular protein for destruction, the cell commonly attaches molecules of __________ to the protein, which triggers its destruction

Question 20

A significant amount of the genome may be transcribed into noncoding __________

Question 21

__________ are small single-stranded RNA molecules that can bind to complementary mRNA sequences

Question 22

Another class of small RNAs are called ____________________

Question 23

__________ and __________are similar but form from different RNA precursors

Question 24

In some yeasts RNA produced from __________ is copied into double-stranded RNA and then processed into siRNAs

Question 25

Proteins in the complex then recruit enzymes that modify the chromatin to form the highly condensed heterochromatin found at the __________

Question 26

A class of small ncRNAs called ____________________ also induce formation of heterochromatin

Question 27

They block expression of __________, parasitic DNA elements in the genome

Question 28

Cells of a given multicellular organism differ from each other because they express __________ from an __________

Question 29

The most straightforward way to discover which genes are expressed by cells of interest is to identify the __________ being made

Question 30

We can detect mRNA in a cell using ____________________, the base pairing of a strand of nucleic acid to its complementary sequence

Question 31

The technique allows us to see the mRNA in place __________ in the intact organism and is thus called ____________________

Question 32

Another widely used method for comparing the amounts of specific mRNAs in several different samples is ____________________

Question 33

RT-PCR relies on the activity of ____________________, which can synthesize a DNA copy of an mRNA, called a ____________________

Question 34

Large groups of genes are studied by a __________approach

Question 35

Genome-wide expression studies can be carried out using __________

Question 36

A microarray—also called a __________—contains tiny amounts of many single-stranded DNA fragments affixed to the slide in a grid