Unit 11 Notes: The Enlightenment Flashcards
Geocentrism
Thought everything revolves around the earth
Crystalline spheres
Natural Philosphy
Uses logic and reason to prove something
Thoughts on magic, astrology and alchemy
Very important and as reliable as science
Chinese and Muslim Influence
They remain stagnant while eurpoeans want to improve and change culturally.
they want to find more in life
The crusades and the renaissance
Brings back ideas of the arts and sciences
Universities built and literacy begin due to printing press
Growing middle class
Death of feudalism
Age of discovery
Diversity of thought
balances people and their actions
Nicolause Copernicus
wrote “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres” (1543)
Created Heliocentric Theory
Heliocentric Theory
Everything revolves around the sun
Galileo
Invented Telescope
Discovers moons of Jupiter from his telescope
Excommunicated from the church for supporting Heliocentrism
Invented law of Inertia
Law of Inertia
Object will stay in motion or at rest unless opposing forces change it
Tycho Brahe
Created idea of Supernovas
Believes in Heliocentrism
Blows up aristotle’s argument of a static space
Uses brass prosthetic nose
Gets into sword fight over math and gets his nose cut off
Had pet deer/moose
Trained it to get him drinks
Lived with ‘psychic’ dwarf
Johannes Kepler
Started elliptical orbits
Supported Copernican
Refuted Aristotle
Rene Descartes
Invented Algebra and geometry
Invented (x, exponents)
Involved in Optics
Invented law of refraction
Sir Isaac Newton
Wrote “Principa” (1687)
3 laws of motion
F=m*a
Law of gravity
Francis Bacon
Came up with Empiricism -
You know things by formal observation, testing and logic
Robert Boyle
Chemistry
Invented Atoms
Invented Vacuum - taking air out of a building
Boyle’s law
Pressure varies inversely with volume.
Natural law
All society should be based on God-given (natural laws)
Reason
The truth and anything can be found through logical thinking.
Happiness
Everyone has the right to seek happiness
progress
People and society had the responsibility to improve
liberty
Society should have control over their own lives
tolerance
People didn’t like religious intolerance
old thoughts on life
People should deal with their position in life because it was what God gave them
new thoughts on life
You should work hard and educate yourself to improve your life and conditions
Social contract
People give up part of their freedom and liberty and give it to the government to protect them.
Thomas Hobbes
Witnesses English Civil War
Saw how cruel the world was and thinks a strong ruler needs the power to control people from anarchy.
Wrote “Leviathan” (1651)
Involves - Social Contract Theory
(believes a leader must have absolute sovereignty to safely rule a country without war.)
John Locke
Came up with the philosophy of sensationalism
believed in natural rights
Life, liberty and property
Power comes from the people
Tabula Rasa
Everyone is born with a clean slate and natural rights
Jean Jaques Rousseau
“General will”
Direct democracy - only correct government
believed people are born good, society corrupts them
Montesquieu
believed in Separation of powers
Branches of government
Executive, legislative, judicial
Checks and balances
voltaire
believed in Civil rights
Free speech and religion
fought Against the torture of criminals
Fought against intolerance
Adam Smith
wrote “Moral Sentiments”
came up with Economic liberalism (freedom)
Free market
Social mobility
Deism
Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn’t involved in people’s lives
Rousseau
Every government ever has been corrupt and every system ever has existed so the strong can exploit the weak
Believed in direct democracy or “general will”
General Will
If the majority of people support something, it is right and should be followed
Popular sovereignty
Belief that ultimate power resides in the people
David Hume
Scottish philosopher whose philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses
Wrote “An Inquiry of Human Understanding”
Adam Smith
An economic liberal who advocated for the free market and social mobility
Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith’s book that described his theory of laissez-faire economics
Economic Liberalism
The idea that government should not interfere in the workings of the economy (invisible hand)
enlightented absolution
Rulers tried to govern by enlightenment principles (rationalism, progress, and tolerance) while maintaining their royal powers
enclosure
Taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers
public sphere
A place where society discusses the issues that affect everyone
salons
Social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanged ideas
scientific revolution
Intellectual movement in europe that is associated with planetary motion and questioning accepted beliefs, laid the groundwork for modern science
muslim and chinese science
Influenced European advancement through trade, eventually stagnated because of the crusades. academics and literacy become important western europe
aristotelian methodology
Philosophy can figure out all problems (not empirical observation)
medieval science
Natural philosophy along with magic, astrology, and religion
empiricism
The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation and experimentation (Francis Bacon)
nicolaus copernicus
Astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe (Sun in the center of the universe)
On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres
Book written by copernicus which explained his heliocentric theory and contradicted the geocentric theory
