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World Civ > Unit 11 Notes: The Enlightenment > Flashcards

Unit 11 Notes: The Enlightenment Flashcards

1
Q

Geocentrism

A

Thought everything revolves around the earth
Crystalline spheres

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2
Q

Natural Philosphy

A

Uses logic and reason to prove something

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3
Q

Thoughts on magic, astrology and alchemy

A

Very important and as reliable as science

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4
Q

Chinese and Muslim Influence

A

They remain stagnant while eurpoeans want to improve and change culturally.
they want to find more in life

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5
Q

The crusades and the renaissance

A

Brings back ideas of the arts and sciences
Universities built and literacy begin due to printing press
Growing middle class
Death of feudalism
Age of discovery

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6
Q

Diversity of thought

A

balances people and their actions

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7
Q

Nicolause Copernicus

A

wrote “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres” (1543)

Created Heliocentric Theory

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8
Q

Heliocentric Theory

A

Everything revolves around the sun

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9
Q

Galileo

A

Invented Telescope
Discovers moons of Jupiter from his telescope

Excommunicated from the church for supporting Heliocentrism

Invented law of Inertia

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10
Q

Law of Inertia

A

Object will stay in motion or at rest unless opposing forces change it

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11
Q

Tycho Brahe

A

Created idea of Supernovas
Believes in Heliocentrism
Blows up aristotle’s argument of a static space
Uses brass prosthetic nose
Gets into sword fight over math and gets his nose cut off
Had pet deer/moose
Trained it to get him drinks
Lived with ‘psychic’ dwarf

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12
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

Started elliptical orbits
Supported Copernican
Refuted Aristotle

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13
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Invented Algebra and geometry
Invented (x, exponents)
Involved in Optics
Invented law of refraction

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14
Q

Sir Isaac Newton

A

Wrote “Principa” (1687)
3 laws of motion
F=m*a
Law of gravity

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15
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Came up with Empiricism -
You know things by formal observation, testing and logic

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16
Q

Robert Boyle

A

Chemistry
Invented Atoms
Invented Vacuum - taking air out of a building
Boyle’s law
Pressure varies inversely with volume.

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17
Q

Natural law

A

All society should be based on God-given (natural laws)

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18
Q

Reason

A

The truth and anything can be found through logical thinking.

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19
Q

Happiness

A

Everyone has the right to seek happiness

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20
Q

progress

A

People and society had the responsibility to improve

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21
Q

liberty

A

Society should have control over their own lives

22
Q

tolerance

A

People didn’t like religious intolerance

23
Q

old thoughts on life

A

People should deal with their position in life because it was what God gave them

24
Q

new thoughts on life

A

You should work hard and educate yourself to improve your life and conditions

25
Q

Social contract

A

People give up part of their freedom and liberty and give it to the government to protect them.

26
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Witnesses English Civil War
Saw how cruel the world was and thinks a strong ruler needs the power to control people from anarchy.
Wrote “Leviathan” (1651)
Involves - Social Contract Theory

(believes a leader must have absolute sovereignty to safely rule a country without war.)

27
Q

John Locke

A

Came up with the philosophy of sensationalism

believed in natural rights
Life, liberty and property
Power comes from the people

28
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

Everyone is born with a clean slate and natural rights

29
Q

Jean Jaques Rousseau

A

“General will”
Direct democracy - only correct government
believed people are born good, society corrupts them

30
Q

Montesquieu

A

believed in Separation of powers
Branches of government
Executive, legislative, judicial
Checks and balances

31
Q

voltaire

A

believed in Civil rights
Free speech and religion

fought Against the torture of criminals
Fought against intolerance

32
Q

Adam Smith

A

wrote “Moral Sentiments”
came up with Economic liberalism (freedom)
Free market
Social mobility

33
Q

Deism

A

Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn’t involved in people’s lives

34
Q

Rousseau

A

Every government ever has been corrupt and every system ever has existed so the strong can exploit the weak
Believed in direct democracy or “general will”

35
Q

General Will

A

If the majority of people support something, it is right and should be followed

36
Q

Popular sovereignty

A

Belief that ultimate power resides in the people

37
Q

David Hume

A

Scottish philosopher whose philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses
Wrote “An Inquiry of Human Understanding”

38
Q

Adam Smith

A

An economic liberal who advocated for the free market and social mobility

39
Q

Wealth of Nations

A

Adam Smith’s book that described his theory of laissez-faire economics

40
Q

Economic Liberalism

A

The idea that government should not interfere in the workings of the economy (invisible hand)

41
Q

enlightented absolution

A

Rulers tried to govern by enlightenment principles (rationalism, progress, and tolerance) while maintaining their royal powers

42
Q

enclosure

A

Taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers

43
Q

public sphere

A

A place where society discusses the issues that affect everyone

44
Q

salons

A

Social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanged ideas

45
Q

scientific revolution

A

Intellectual movement in europe that is associated with planetary motion and questioning accepted beliefs, laid the groundwork for modern science

46
Q

muslim and chinese science

A

Influenced European advancement through trade, eventually stagnated because of the crusades. academics and literacy become important western europe

47
Q

aristotelian methodology

A

Philosophy can figure out all problems (not empirical observation)

48
Q

medieval science

A

Natural philosophy along with magic, astrology, and religion

49
Q

empiricism

A

The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation and experimentation (Francis Bacon)

50
Q

nicolaus copernicus

A

Astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe (Sun in the center of the universe)

51
Q

On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres

A

Book written by copernicus which explained his heliocentric theory and contradicted the geocentric theory

World Civ (16 decks)

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