Unit 1 Notes Flashcards
History
The study and interpretation of the past
Two sources
Primary and secondary
Primary source
1st person account
ex: journal
Secondary source
Someone else wrote it.
ex: textbook
Historiography
The critical analysis of the existing body of historical work.
Historiography questions
Who writes history? What agenda in mind? Towards what ends? Who's perspective? Why do they look at it like that?
Historical approach
Source: Who wrote it? When? Why?
Contextualize: What relevant circumstances need to be considered at the time this was written?
Close read: Analyze claims, evidence, rhetoric
Corroborate: Do accounts of the same event match?
Prehistory
Time before writing. Periodization by technology.
Paleontology
Study of fossils
Anthropology
Study of culture
Archeology
study of artifacts
Geography
Study of physical features of the earth and its atmospheres
What started agriculture
Tigris and euphrates rivers, scarce resources, few natural barriers
Method of expansion
City-states emerge
Urak
first city-state
Sargon of Akkad
first person to build a standing army
Artifacts
Tools and items that were used in the past
ex: plates, pots
Five features of civilation
advanced cities complex institutions job specialization/social class advanced technology record keeping
Government and society
Kings, nobles, priests ruled
Ziggurat
political center, economic center
Cuneiform
Persians used pictographs that represented tangible things. Kept records. They started mathematics. Numbers were based on units of 6, 10, and 60.
epic poems
stories used to share a message
hammurabi
King. United mesopotamias nations under Babylonian empire.
Hammurabi’s code
first laws written down. Eye for an eye. Unifies expanding empire. Protects people from each other. 282 lawas
what is a pharaoh
God-like king at the top of the social class who was the focus of the state
Polytheism
the belief in multiple Gods. People existed to serve the Gods.
Monotheism
The belief in one God
Book of the dead
Egyptian book that guided people through the afterlife to heaven
Hieroglyphs
pictographs. Egyptian language
Raw
Sun God of Egypt. Main God.
Osiris
Lord of rebirth and the underworld. Dies every year and weighs people soul
Isis
Goddess of fertility. Mother of Horus, wife of Osiris
Set
Brother Osiris. God of desert and chaos
Horus
Lord of the sky and Civilization
Theocracy
When your religious leader is also your political leader
Ma’at
Truth, order and power. The Pharaoh’s job is to keep Ma’at
Egyptian afterlife
Very important to their culture. Mummification helped you to get to the underworld
Phoenicians
1100 - 700 BCE Mediterranean merchant empire first alphabet empire based on trade referred to as 'purple people' because of dyed textiles
Egyptian expansion
New Kingdom is formed. Lead by Ramses the Great. Kyksos brings bronze tech. Imperialism and wealth
Treaty of Kadesh
Ramses the Great signs the first international peace treaty
Hebrews
Monotheistic
Uses the Torah (bible)
Small kingdom in Isreal 1025 BCE (Jerusalem)
Babylonian Captivity 587 BCE
Assyria
900-612 BCE Developed method of Conquest new siege techniques iron weapons torture, slaughter deportation
Assyrian government and society
Military dicatorship
Cities:
Ashur - capital
Nineveh
Egyptian time periods
Old kingdom (pyramids built) 3100-2188 BCE Middle Kingdom - Hyksos migration 2188 - 2055 BCE New Kingdom - Biblical times
Henotheistic
Believing in multiple Gods, but only worshipping one.
Hittites
Established kingdom in Kussara. Set up in Asia.
Yahweh
Hebrew name of God. God of the isrealites. Jews used it. Too sacred to say.
Ashur
Assyrian God
Persian Empire
550-330 BCE
Library at Nineveh
10,000 clay tablets about military and mesapotamian history. How we know about mesopotamia.
Cyrus the Great
Founder of Syria. Conquered many places. Was nice to the conquered lands. Conquered Babylon. Most powerful and largest empire at the time.
Darius I
Cyrus' successor. Conquers Asia Minor. Divides empire into Satrapies Unified Syrian currency Tolerant of everyone's cultures
Royal Road
One big road through Syria.
Unites all the Satrapies.
Started by Darius I.
Satrap
Provinces/states
Zoroastrianism
One of the oldest religions
persians made it popular around 550 BCE
First to believe in a ‘good God’ and the devil
Avesta
Zoroastrian God.
Main Persian God.
Judea
Present Day middle east
Where Jews/hebrews lived
Known for their very different religious beliefs (monotheistic)
Epic of Gilgamesh Summary
Gilgamesh and Enkidu go on dangerous journeys. Gilgamesh searches for immortality after Enkidu dies. The Gods refuse but instead makes his legacy immortal, not his real body.
When was the first Cities built?
3800 BCE in Sumer
