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Understanding disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Freud tripartite personality?

A

Id, ego, superego govern way we think and act
-majority of personality comes from unconscious mind
-abnormal behaviour occurs when there is an imbalance
-overdeveloped superego lead to excessive anxiety

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2
Q

what is Freud iceberg analogy?

A

Ego, conscious level- visible ( reality principle, implements defence mechanisms)
superego, preconscious level- not visible ( morality principle)
id, unconscious level- not visible (pleasure principle)

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3
Q

what is the Id?

A

-impulsive, instinctive
-present at birth
-consists of life and death instincts
-pleasure principle
-immediate gratification

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4
Q

what is the ego?

A

-reality principles
-mediate between irrational and real world
-problem solve

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5
Q

what is the superego?

A

-no right or wrong
-morality principle instilled by parenting
-controls Id demands through conscience and ideal self
-conflict with id creates anxiety dealt with through defence mechanisms

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6
Q

what does Freud mean by the psychosexual stages of development?

A

-children unconsciously go through these
-each stage characterised by a fixation on a part of the body
-individuals need to complete each stage to move to the next
-when this isn’t done fixation occurs

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7
Q

what is the oral stage?

A

-breastfeeding/ bottle feeding
-putting objects into your mouth
-fixations: addictions, vape, smoke, chewing gum, manipulating behaviours, biting nails
-0-1

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8
Q

what is the anal stage?

A

-potty training
-control of bladder and bowel movements
-fixation: messy, disorganised, overcontrol, stingy, inconsiderate
-1-3

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9
Q

what is the phallic phase?

A

-3-5/6
-genitals
-oedipus/electra complex
-castration anxiety
-penis fixation-
-fixation= complication with sexuality, envy, mother fixation, aggressive to women

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10
Q

what is the latency stage?

A

-5/6-puberty
-love of learning/ new skills
-superego strengthens
-making social connections
-fixations: difficulty expressing emotions, forming long lasting relationships

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11
Q

what is the genital stage?

A

-puberty-maturity
-relationships
-sexual activity
-settling into loving relationship
-

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12
Q

what is the aim of Freuds study?

A

.give an account of a boy suffering from phobia of a horse and a range of other symptoms
.to use this case to illustrate existence of
Oedipus complex

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13
Q

who was the participants in Freuds study?

A

jewish boy
vienna
3-5 years
little hans
phobia of horses
father referred hans to freud

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14
Q

what were characteristics of little hans?

A

-cheerful and straightforward until ill
-phallic stage

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15
Q

what was Freuds method?

A

-longitudinal case study
- data gained by father, observing and questioning, sent records to Freud
-Freud gave advice

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16
Q

what are issues with the data gathered?

A

-subjective
-demand characteristics
-social desirability
-unreliable

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17
Q

what did Hans show interest in just before turning 3?

A

his ‘widdler’
presence/ absence of this in others, human and non human
genital stage

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18
Q

what happened during this time? Freud, Genital stage

A

-‘masturbate’
-threats from his mum to get Dr A to cut it off
-gained sister Hanna
-subconsciously wanted his mum to drop her in the bath

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19
Q

where did little Hans live?

A

Vienna early 1900s
coaches drawn by horses

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20
Q

what 2 things developed Hans fear of being bitten by a white horse?

A

-overhearing a dad say ‘don’t put your finger to the white horse or it will bite you’
-seeing a horse pulling a carriage and fall and kick about with it’s legs

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21
Q

What did Hans fear generalise to?

A

carts and buses

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22
Q

what were Hans fantasies?

A

the Giraffe
Two Plumber
The Parenting

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23
Q

what was the Giraffe fantasy?

A

-big Giraffe (dad) and crumpled Giraffe ( mum)
-took away crumpled one from big one and big one called out
-sat on crumpled one

24
Q

what were the two Plumber fantasies?

A

1) Hans in bath, plumber unscrewed bath, took borer (corkscrew) stuck in his stomach

2)took Hans behind + widdler with pliers, replaced with bigger ones

25
Q

what is the Parenting fantasy?

A

-married to his mum with children
-father the grandfather

26
Q

what were the overall results? Freud

A

-fear of horses= subconscious fear of dad
-dark around mouth and blinkers are moustache and glasses
-fear of dad and widdler fascination due to Oedipus complex

27
Q

what were the Giraffe results?

A

-representation of trying to take mum from dad

28
Q

what were the parenting fantasy results?

A

Oedipus complex

29
Q

what were the plumber results?

A

-due to identifying with his father

30
Q

what were the conclusions for Freud?

A

-psychosexual development
-boys in phallic stage experience Oedipus complex
-phobias are unconscious anxiety placed on external objects
-unconscious determinism (people not aware of causes of behaviour)
-psychoanalytic therapy

31
Q

why is generalisability a w in Freuds study?

A

case study

32
Q

why is usefulness a w in Freuds study?

A

case study
phobias differ for each person

33
Q

why is ecological validity a s in Freuds study?

A

own environment with dad

34
Q

why is the method a s in Freuds study?

A

case study
qualitative data
valid

35
Q

Freud nature or nurture?

A

nurture
reasons for his phobia

36
Q

Freud freewill or determinism?

A

determinism
pyschosexual stages
oedipus complex
ID impulses

37
Q

Freud individual or situational?

A

individual
Hans phobias

38
Q

what is the background for Baron-Cohen ?

A

-autistic individuals lack TOM
-implications arise for communication
-triad of impairments : impairments of communication, social interaction, limited imagination
-tests have a ceiling to a mental age of six so are too east for adults

39
Q

what is the background for Baron-Cohen ?

A

-autistic individuals lack TOM
-implications arise for communication
-triad of impairments : impairments of communication, social interaction, limited imagination
-tests have a ceiling to a mental age of six so are too east for adults

40
Q

what were some previous autism tests?

A

-sally- anne (dolls)
- Happé- strange stories (jokes)

41
Q

what was the aim for Baron Cohen?

A

-to investigate if autistic adults lack TOM
-to investigate gender differences between TOM
-to test whether high functioning adults with autistic spectrum disorders struggle to identify emotions from photographs of eyes

42
Q

what were the participants in group 1 for Baron Cohen?

A

-16 individuals with high functioning autism or asperger’s syndrome
-4 autism 12 asperger
-13 males 3 females
-normal intelligence
-advert in National Autistic magazine and variety of clinical sources

43
Q

what were the participants in group 2 for Baron Cohen?

A

-control group
-50 normal
-age matched
-25 male 25 female
- general population of Cambridge

44
Q

What was the third group for Baron Cohen?

A

-control group
-10 adults
-Tourette syndrome
-age matched
-8 male, 2 female
- normal intelligence
-opportunity, recruited from tertiary referral centre in London

45
Q

what was the method and variables for Baron Cohen?

A

-Quasi experiment
-Iv= type of individual
-Dv= score/ 25 on eyes task

46
Q

what were the characteristics and standardisation of the eye tasks?

A

-25 pics
- black and white
-same size
-eye region only
- asked to chose emotion from an option of 2

47
Q

what was the experimental design for Baron Cohen?

A

Matched- age

48
Q

what was the procedure for Baron Cohen?

A

-presented with 4 tasks in random order
- investigated in quiet room, on own, in own home or Cambridge uni or research lab
-eye task
-gender recognition task
-basic emotion recognition task (full face)
-strange stories

49
Q

what were the results for Baron Cohen?

A

-Autism group did significantly worse than control group in identifying emotions
-normal females perform better than males on eye task
-autism group made more errors on Strange Stories
-gender task no difference
out of 25:
-Autistic= 16.3
- Normal= 20.3
-Ts= 20.4

50
Q

what were Baron Cohens conclusions?

A

-adults with autism do possess impairs TOM
-some of autism group have degrees showing TOM deficits independent of general intelligence

51
Q

why is generalisability a w for Baron Cohen?

A

-small sample not representative of large spectrum
-volunteer sample

52
Q

why is reliability a s for Baron Cohen?

A

-same pictures
-same size (15x10cm)
-standard instructions
-high internal reliability
-external also good as easy to replicate

53
Q

why is ecological validity a w for Baron Cohen?

A

-situation different from everyday social life
-judging emotions in real life isn’t done by just looking at eyes

54
Q

why is ethics a s for Baron Cohen?

A

-volunteer
-not deceived
-no distress beyond what they experience in their daily lives

55
Q

why is usefulness a s for Baron Cohen?

A

-even high functioning autistics adults have problems reading emotions
-opens ways forward in helping them manage their condition
-can teach people to make use of different visual cues to judge emotion

56
Q

what are the similarities between Freud and Baron Cohen?

A

-volunteer sample
-usefulness

57
Q

Differences between Freud and Baron Cohen?

A

F:
-1p 5y/o little Hans
-qualitative data
-no procedure= subjective questioning
B:
-3 groups
-quantitative data
-controlled procedure= picture size

Psychology (20 decks)

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