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Responses to people in need Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the background to Piliavin

A

Kitty Genovese
stabbed several times walking home from work
38 people saw or heard some part of the attack and didn’t help

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2
Q

What is bystander apathy?

A

Individuals likelihood of helping decreases when passive bystanders are present

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3
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A

when in a group responsibility is shared, each person feels less responsible so no one helps

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4
Q

What is the cost benefit model?

A

weighing up the rewards and costs of helping

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5
Q

What was Latane and Darley (1968) experiment 1?

A

arranged for smoke to come under the door in a waiting room
75% of participants waiting alone reported it
10% of participants waiting with confederated reported it

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6
Q

What was Latane and Darley (1968) experiment 2?

A

students recruited to take part in a conversation via intercom
each student spoke for two minutes then commented on other students
only one real person taking part other students were pre recorded
one voice had a seizure and began choking
85% on own reported
30% with others reported

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7
Q

why did Piliavin conduct this research?

A
  • field experiment, real world
  • wanted to investigate behaviours of bystanders following kittys murder and why 0/37 helped
  • lab experiment consists of candid camera/ trigger happy style scenarios
    -does altruism exist
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8
Q

What was Piliavins first aim?

A

they wanted to study bystanders behaviour outside of the lab environment where participants have a clear view of the victim

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9
Q

what were the four variable effecting bystander behaviour in piliavins study?

A

wanted to see if bystander behaviour was affected by four variables:
-victims responsibility
- victims race
- the effect of modelling helping behaviour
- size of the group

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10
Q

What was the design for Piliavins experiment?

A

field experiment

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11
Q

What was the field situation for Piliavins experiment?

A

A and D trains of the 8th avenue New York Subway between 59th street and 125 street
the journey lasted about 7.5 minutes

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12
Q

What were the four IV (p)

A
  • type of victim (drunk or cane)
  • race of victim (black or white)
  • effect of model (after 70 or 150s in critical/adjacent area) or not
  • size of witnessing group
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13
Q

What were the DV in Piliavins study?

A

Recorded by 2 females in adjacent carriage
- frequency of help
- speed of help
- race of helper
- sex of helper
- movement from critical area
- verbal comments by bystanders

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14
Q

What were the participants in Piliavins study?

A

4450 men and women
used New York Subway on weekdays between 11am-3pm
between april 15th and June 26th 1968
45% black
55% white

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15
Q

who were victims in Piliavins study?

A

3 white
1 black
all male
26-35 years
dressed alike
smelled of liquor/carried bottle
sober and carried black cane

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16
Q

characteristicsof the models in Piliavins study

A

all white
24-29 years
4 model conditions:
-critical area (early)
-critical area (late)
-adjacent area (early)
-adjacent area (late)

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17
Q

What did the observers measure? (p)

A

First: race, sex, location of every rider (seated or standed) in critical area and every helper and total number who came to victims assistance
second: race, sex, location of every rider (seated or standed) in adjacent area and latency of first helper after the victim had fallen and after the model arrived and total number who came to victims assistance
both recorded comments made by passengers and attempted to elicit comments from riders

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18
Q

what did the team do after the train stopped?

A

waited separately, changed platforms and repeated in opposite direction

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19
Q

How many trials were run on a given day? (p)

A

6-8

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20
Q

Why were there more cane than drunk trials?

A

victim didn’t like playing drunk
student strikes prevented trials to correct it

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21
Q

results for Ill v drunk conditions?

A

cane victim received spontaneous help 95% (62/65)
drunk 50% (19/38)
overall
100% cane
81% drunk
help offered more quickly to cane (median 5s compared to 109)

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22
Q

how did the race of victim effect help in piliavins study?

A

cane= black and white equally likely to be helped
drunk= black less likely to receive help
tendency for same race helping

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23
Q

In Piliavins study what effect did the latency of modelling have on helping behaviour?

A

70s more likely to help
150 seconds less likely to help

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24
Q

how did the Number of bystanders effect helping behaviour in Piliavins study?

A

no evidence of diffusion of responsibility

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25
Q

What percent of first helpers were male?

A

90%

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26
Q

How many passengers moved away from critical area?

A

21/103

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27
Q

What were Piliavins conclusions?

A
  • i’ll more likely to get help than drunk
  • men more likely to help male victim than women in mixed groups
  • mixed race groups, more likely for same race helping
  • no strong relationship between number of bystanders and speed of helping
  • when escape isn’t possible helpmore likely
  • cost reward analysis conducted
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28
Q

How can we explain the findings of Piliavins study in terms of arousal?

A
  • arousal levels interpreted as sympathy, fear and disgust
  • arousal rises closer to situation/ longer the situation
  • greater arousal when bystanders can empathise
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29
Q

What four ways was arousal reduced by?

A

help directly
leave to find help
leave the area
dismiss victim as unworthy of help

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30
Q

What are the practical applications for Piliavins study?

A

understanding why you might receive help
- don’t appear drunk
- if male ask males for help
- go to a place people can’t just leave
- get help immediately

31
Q

Is reliability a strength or weakness (why)? (p)

A

strength
observer has set categories
same scenario can easily be repeated

32
Q

pilliavin Is generalisability a strength or weakness? (why)

A

strength
large sample size
both genders
mix of race
(only black and white)
(only New York)

33
Q

How useful is Piliavins study?

A

useful
Tells us i’ll victims receive more help than drunk, influence society to change its actions

34
Q

Is ethics a strength or weakness? (why) (p)

A

weakness
deceit
no right to withdraw
no informed consent
can cause harm/ discomfort

35
Q

What is the background for Levine et al (2001)?

A

previous research unrepresentative (crocs cultural)
few studies outside USA
wanted to understand impact of cultural and economic differences

36
Q

What was the primary aim for Levine research?

A

take the largest city of every country and compare the impact of economic and cultural differences on helping behaviour

37
Q

what is the predicted correlation between economic status and helping in Levines study?

A

weak positive correlation between wealth and cities helpfulness
more well off= more selfish as this is how they generate the wealth

38
Q

What are the cultural differences in Levines study?

A

collectivist society- helping eachother for the benefit of everyone

individualistic society- helping yourself

simpatia- spanish culture- feeling of community

39
Q

what are the three aims?levine

A

-tendency to help people dependent on characteristics of city or universal
-test wether helping behaviour varies between cultures
-particular characteristics of a city (size) associated with tendency of helping

40
Q

What was the experimental design for Levine?

A

cross cultural quasi experiment
used independent measures design

41
Q

What was the field situation in Levines study?

A

23 large cities:
Rio De Janeiro
Madrid
Budapest
Rome
New York
Kuala Lumpur

42
Q

What were the three non emergency situations?

A

Dropped pen
Hurt/ injured leg
Blind person trying to cross the road

43
Q

What were the 4 measures correlated with?levine

A

population size
economic wellbeing
cultural values (individualistic, collectivist, simpatia)
pace of life

44
Q

Who were the participants in Levines study?

A

the 23 large cities

45
Q

Where were the three measures administered?levine

A

two or more locations (not generalisable)
main downtown areas
main business hours
clear days

46
Q

For dropped pen and hurt leg which individuals were excluded?

A

Children (17-)
physically disabled
very old
carrying packages

47
Q

How were participants selected?

A

approaching the second potential person to cross a predetermined line

48
Q

Who collected the data for Levines study?

A

interested or responsible students who were travelling or returning home
cross cultural psychologists and their students

49
Q

what were the characteristics of the experimenters?

A

college age
dressed neatly and casually
all men (control gender effects/ avoid problems)

50
Q

How did Levine ensure standardisation through his experimenters?

A

detailed instruction sheet
on site field training
learning procedure for P selection and scoring Ps
experimenters practiced together

51
Q

Why did Levine ensure standardisation?

A

minimise experimenter effects and to standardise scoring

52
Q

How was the dropped pen situation measured?

A

walked towards pedestrian in opposite direction
accidentally dropped pen behind him in view of pedestrian
continued walking past
helped if they called back picked up the pen and brought it to the experimenter

53
Q

How was the hurt leg situation measured?

A

walking with heavy limp and obvious leg brace
dropped magazines and struggled to pick them up
offering to help and beginning to help without offering

54
Q

How was the blind situation measured?

A

experimenter dressed in dark glasses, carried white cane
stepped up to corner before light turned green- held out cane and waited until someone offered help
helping = minimum telling experimenter the light is green

55
Q

What % of people helped in Rio De Janeiro?

A

93%

56
Q

What % of people helped in Kuala Lumpur?

A

40%

57
Q

Were the three measures results consistent?

A

Yes
counties who helped in one helped in others

58
Q

Relationships between helping and population variables?levine

A

-economic prosperity (-0.43)
-helping not related to population size of collectivism
-walking speed weakly correlated (0.26)
- Simpatia countries more helpful (82.87%) compared to (65.87%)

59
Q

What are the conclusions of Levines study?

A
  • large cross cultural variations in helping rates
  • helping inversely related to a country’s economic productivity
    -Simpatia countries more helpful
  • faster cities less helpful
    -collectivism/individualism not related to helping behaviours
60
Q

What are the explanations for helping behaviours? (L)

A

.reciprocal altruism
.social exchange theory- cost benefit analysis want to maximise benefits
.responsibility/ prosocial value orientation- feel responsible or have the ability to help
.urban overload hypothesis- people in urban ares less helpful as they experience sensory overload
.kin selection-helping related to increase the chance of gene transmission

61
Q

why is reliability a strength in Levines study?

A

can be repeated so other psychologists can check validity of his findings

62
Q

why is generalisability a strength in Levines study?

A

1198 large sample, 23 countries
representative of wider society
(andocentric victims, ages not representative)

63
Q

Why is ecological validity a strength in Levines study?

A

In natural environment so there are no demand characteristics or social desirability

64
Q

why is ethics a weakness in Levines study?

A

no informed consent, deceit, no debrief
goes against morals and vulnerable participants

65
Q

Why is usefulness a strength in Levines study?

A

factors that influence help in non emergency situations
good to know when travelling

66
Q

Why is data a strength in Levines study?

A

quantitative can draw patterns and trends to help us understand factors influencing helping behaviour
(not qualitative so no meanings)

67
Q

how are piliavin and levines studies alike?

A

both field studies
responses to people in need
high ecological validity
reliable
andocentric models
ethical weakness
both covert
peoples more likely to help when not responsible

68
Q

What are the differences in the studies (Piliavin)

A

emergency situations
qualitative data
focused on diffusion of responsibility
two measure- i’ll drunk

69
Q

difference between the studies (Levine)

A

non emergency situations
more generalisable 23 cities
focused on economic and cultural
3 measures- hurt leg, blind, dropped pen

70
Q

What were the reasons Levine identified for people helping?

A

economy
survival
reciprocal altruism
genetics

71
Q

How was population size measured in levines study?

A

UN demographic yearbook

72
Q

How was economic prosperity measured in Levines study?

A

purchasing power prosperity statistics published by world bank

73
Q

How were cultural values measured in Levines study?

A

rated country from 1(very collectivist) to 10 (very individualistic)

74
Q

How was pace of life measured in Levines study?

A

average walking speed between 2 markers 60 ft

Psychology (20 decks)

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