measuring differences Flashcards
what is the background for Gould?
-idea that intelligence can be measured is controversial
-can intelligence differences be explained by genetic or environmental factors
what is the nature side of the background for Gould?
.nature= intelligence a fixed characteristic, hereditarian position, can breed superior group like Nazis
what is the nurture side of the background of Gould?
.IQ tests to help identify children with special needs
.The Binet-Simon test, produced a mental age score
.intelligence not a fixed characteristic
what is the aim for Goulds study?
-to investigate the problems in attempting to measure intelligence specifically that of Yerkes
-Yerkes aimed to devise a scientific method of measuring intelligence on a mass scale
what was the sample for Goulds study?
-opportunity sample
-1.75mil is army recruits during WW1
-Males from different ages and backgrounds across USA
what was the method for Goulds study?
-peer review article of large scale psychometric testing
what was the procedure? Gould
-3 tests to measure IQ on a mass scale
-depending on results gave A-E(+ and -)
-decided their rank in the army
- c- average= ordinary private
what was the army Alpha test?
-written exam for literates
- 8parts 1hour long
-unscramble sentences, next in sequences
-heavily routed in American culture
what was the Beta test?
-illiterate or those who failed Alpha
-7parts 1hour long
-counting cubes, next symbol
-instructions still wrote in English
what was the individual test?
-if the Beta test was failed
what was the mean mental age of White Americans?
13.04
what was the mean mental age of the Black Americans?
10.41
what was the mean score of immigrants?
10-11
what were the results for Gould?
-on average mental age of White Americans 13
-average age 16
what were the conclusions for Gould?
-problems with measuring intelligence objectively
-measuring tools can have devastating consequences
-IQ tests unreliable
-IQ tests lack valid results
How is Goulds study useful?
identifies issues with Yerkes study
testing not accurate and highly objective
prevents same atrocities occurring
what is the background for Hancock?
-Maslow hierarchy of needs
-Ted Bundy
-Porter- psychopaths skilled conversationalists
-Williamson- psychopathic language more unclear
what part of Maslow hierarchy do psychopaths focus on?
physiological- breathing, food, water, sex, sleep
they have unique drives and socioeconomic needs which result in linguistic patterns
what was Hancock’s aim?
-to examine whether the language of psychopaths reflected a predatory world view, unique socioemotional needs and a poverty of effect
what were the three language characteristics of psychopaths examined ?
their instrumental nature (of crime)
their socioemotional needs (language relating to maslow needs)
their emotional deficit (remorseful, empathetic)
What was the method for Hancock?
-psychopathy measured using psychopathy checklist review PCL-R
-semi structured, open-ended interviews
-stepwise interview technique
-narratives transcribed and analysed through content analysis using DAL and Wmatrix
what was the sample for Hancock?
-52 male murders
-14psychopath 38 not
-incarcerated in Canadian correctional facilities admitted crime
-volunteer sample
-8 first degree, 32 second degree, 10 manslaughter
-mean age 28.9
what was the psychology checklist revised?
20 criteria answer 0-2
score of 30+ are psychopaths
-carried out by extensively trained prison psychologist or researchers well trained
what happened at the beginning of Hancocks study?
participants interviewed
told purpose if study and procedure
what were the participants asked to do in Hancocks study?
-audio taped
-describe homocide in as much detail as possible
-encouraged to provide info from beginning to end
-prompted through standardise procedure (Stepwise)
who were the interviewers for Hancocks study?
two senior psychology graduate students and one research assistant
blind to psychopath scores
-lasted 25 mins
how were they transcribed in Hancocks study?
-as close to verbatim as possible
-checked spelling errors
-interviewer comments deleted
-proper nouns and abbreviations spelled out
what were the two text analysis tools used in Hancocks study?
-Corpus analysis programme Wmatrix (compare speech, analyse semantic concepts)
-The dictionary of Affect in Language (examine affective tone)
What were the amount of words used results for Hancock?
-total of 127 376
-psychopaths 2201.5
-non psychopaths 2554.3
not significant difference
How did the types of words differ between psychopaths and non psychopaths?
psychopaths: twice as many words on basic physiological needs- food, drink, money. More past tense verbs (stabbed) more concrete nouns. less positive and emotionally intense, less fluent
non psychopaths: more language about social needs, family, religion, spirituality
-no significant difference in emotional content of language based on intensity, imagery, pleasantness
% of psychopaths and non who mentioned food
89
117
% of psychopaths and non who mentioned family
84
555
what were Hancocks conclusions?
-more likely to describe cause and effect
-linguistically frame crime as in the past, describe in an idiosyncratic way
-focus more on physiological needs
-less emotionally intense
-more disfluent
-focus on lower level of Maslow hierarchy
what was the first IQ test?
simon-binot
what were the first generation of intelligence tests? what were they
stanford-binet
wechsler test
they were individual tests
what was there a major push for in America in ww1?
group testing of intelligence
quick and easy method
what did yerkes believe about intelligence?
it was inherited and couldn’t be changed
-intelligence can be measured objectively through scoring systems
what did Gould want to show?
issues with psychometric testing and measurement of intelligence
