external influences on childrens behaviour Flashcards
what is the background for bandura?
-SLT aggressive tendencies can be strengthened through vicarious reinforcement
-little previous research shows how aggressive model behaviour can affect a child’s behaviour when the model isn’t present
-chucky and the two scousers, watershed, train track, James bulger and john venables
What are Banduras four hypothesis?
-children shown aggressive model show significantly more imitative acts than those shown non aggressive models
-children shown non aggressive models show significantly less aggressive behaviour
-boys show more imitative aggression than girls
-children imitate same sex model
What is the aim of banduras research?
-to investigate observational learning of aggression
-to see if children would reproduce aggressive behaviour when model was no longer present
-to look for gender differences in learning of aggression
what was Banduras sample?
72 children
36 boys and girls
mean age 52months
stanford university nursery school
what is the design for banduras research?
lab experiment
matched participant design
pre existing levels of aggression using 5 point scale rated by experimenter and teacher
what are the iv for bandura?
aggressive/ non aggressive model
sex of model
sex of child
what are the dv for bandura?
amount of imitative behaviour and aggression shown by chold
what was the aggression measured in Banduras study?
-imitative
-partially imitative
- non imitative behaviour
What were the conditions in Banduras study?
-boy and male aggressive/ non aggressive model
-girl and male aggressive/ non aggression model
-boy and female a/na
-girl and female a/na
-control group (no model)
in the procedure how did they carry out ‘modelling the behaviour’(b)
each child individually in playroom- 10mins
exposed to model
a= hit, kick, ‘kick him’ ‘pow’
na= assemble other toys ignore bobo doll
in the procedure how was arousal increased? bandura
annoy and increase aggression levels
taken to very attractive toys
played with them for two mins
not allowed to play anymore as very best toys and were reserved for other children
in the procedure how was testing for delayed imitation measured?(b)
observed playing 20 mins
2 observers watched through one way mirror
observers unaware of condition- eliminate bias
what were the three types of aggression measured?
imitative aggression
non imitative
partially imitative
what were the results for bandura?
- male model, male imitative physical aggression 25.4 no aggression 1.5
- female model, female imitative physical aggression 5.5 no aggression 2.5
- children who witnessed a model more likely to be a
- girls 13.7 more verbally a than boys 4.3
- little difference in control group and na group
what were the conclusions for bandura study?
-witnessing aggression in a model can be enough to produce aggression by an observer
-children imitate gender specific behaviour boys more likely to imitate physical aggression girls imitate verbal aggression
what was the background for Chaney et al?
-behaviour therapy + modification (based on classical + operant conditioning) used by clinical psychologists to improve adherence to medical compliance
-poor adherence for frequency and technique major issue for inhaled medication 30%-70%
what was the aim of Chaneys study?
if use of positive reinforcements could increase medical compliance in young asthmatics (funhaler) compared to normal inhaler
what was the sample in Chaneys sample?
32 children
22m 10f
1.5 -6 years, mean age 3.2
australia
random sampling
parents gave informed consent
what is the method for Chaneys study?
field experiment- childrens homes
repeated measures design
what were the IVs for Chaneys study?
-standard/small volume spacer device
-if child used a funhaler
what was the DV for Chaneys study?
adherence to the prescribed medical regime
what were the characteristics of the funhaler?
-whistle
-spinning disk
isolated toys to avoid contamination
-separate toy so can be changed if child gets bored
-deep breathing pattern due to toys nature leading to effective medication
what were the parents first interviewed for and what type of interview ? Chaney
use of normal inhaler
attitudes and compliance
structured closed questions
how long was the funhaler used and how did they report usage?
2 weeks
over phone to take snapshots on if they used it previous day
what happened after the use of the funhaler?
researcher visited ps
completed matched questionnaire and output, how easy it was to use, attitudes differences between 2 inhalers
how many that used the funhaler used it the previous day compared to the normal one?
81%
59%
how many more children took recommended 4+ breaths per aerosol delivery with different inhalers?
-50% normal
-80% funhaler
how many parents were consistently successful with the normal inhaler compared to funhaler?
3/30
22/30
how many parents became successful with time when using normal inhaler?
17
11 never successful
how many parents became successful when switching to the funhaler?
7 immediately
1 with time
what were the conclusions for Chaney?
-funhaler + its use of positive reinforcement techniques improved levels of medical compliance in young asthmatics
- use of funhaler could possibly improve clinical outcomes (such as lowering rates of admissions to hospitals for asthma attacks)
-devices that use self reinforcement stratergies can improve overall health of children
whys is generalisability a weakness of Chaneys study?
small sample 32 children
22 boys and 10 girls
australia- ethnocentric
-cant be generalised
whys is ethics a weakness of chaneys study?
children- informed consent and right to withdraw, taking the medication can be distressing
why is reliability a weakness in Chaneys study?
-questionnaire, can lie, may not understand
-not a lot of data, not collected regularly
-no supervision at home
similarities between Chaney and Bandura?
nurture debate
lacks population validity
unethical, children
differences between Chaney and Bandura?
B:
lab experiment
reliable
independent measures
opportunity sampling
C:
ecological validity
field experiment
social desirability
repeated measures
random sampling
how tall was the bobo doll?
5ft
what happened when they were testing for delayed imitation?
children observed playing for 20 minutes
model stayed in the room and busied themselves with paperwork
what % of pleasure did children report from each device?
normal = 10
funhaler= 68
what types of behaviours were reduced with the funhaler?
screaming, not breathing through the device, refusing to breathe for long periods of time,
