moral development Flashcards
what is the background for Kohlberg? (freud)
psychoanalytic theory
-personality consists of id, ego, superego
-id= inherited, instinct
-ego= reason and common sense, influenced by external world
-superego=
conscience- guilt, immoral thoughts
ego ideal- pride, satisfaction
what is the background for kohlberg? (Piaget)
cognitive theory
-heteronomous morality= (5-9) roles unchangeable, enforced by authority
-autonomous morality= (9-10) rules created by people, can be negotiated
-kohlberg saw development as a more gradual process than Piaget continued into young adulthood
what was Kohlberg aim?
- investigate development in moral reasoning throughout adolescence, early childhood
-to access the extent to which these changes had truth in a range of cultural contexts
what was kohlberg sample?
-75 American boys
-10-16
-followed at 3 year intervals (end age 22-28)
-studies boys in Great Britain, Taiwan, Canada, Mexico, Turkey
what is Kohlbergs method?
-longitudinal study 12 years
-cross cultural element
-data gathered through interviews
what was kohlberg procedure?
p gave moral dilemma every three years, all philosophical, some taken from medieval ethics literature, measure 25 moral themes (value of human life, reasons for obeying rules)
p then asked what the character should do, ‘should the doctor mercy kill a fatally ill woman requesting death due to her pain?’
cross sectional, dilemmas presented to young people in Taiwan and Mexico- groups of different ages compared
in kohlbergs results what were the stages at the preconventional level?
-orientation towards punishment= consequences
-orientation towards self interest= own needs
in kohlbergs results what were the stages at the conventional level?
-good-boy-good-girl orientation= image to others
-orientation towards authority
in kohlbergs results what were the stages at the postconventional level?
-social contract orientation= agreed by whole society, room for personal opinion
-orientation towards conscience and ethical principles= circumstance of case
what are Kohlbergs conclusions?
-children, adolescents, young adults go through stages where moral reasoning develops from preconventional- self interest, conventional-rules and approval, post conventional- agreed rules also personal conscience
-although variations in rate of development, people growing in a range of cultural contexts go through same stages
what example did kohlberg illustrate the six stages with?
the value of human life
what are Kohlbergs conclusions?
-answers fell in stage when 50% identified with that stage
-unsure on if each person went through 5 to 6 or they were different maturity options
-age doesn’t determine stage
whats an example of a dilemma in Kohlbergs study?
-father promised son could go to camp if he saved his own money
-broke his promise as he wanted to use his sons money for a fishing trip with friends
is generalisability a strength or weakness?
weakness
75 small
androcentric
Only longitudinal in America
is reliability a strength or weakness?
strength
same dilemmas
is ecological validity a strength or weakness?
weakness
not real scenarios
what is the background for Lee?
limitation on previous studies as all children in western countries who are raised in industrialised, individualistic, competitive environment (self aggrandisement)
-piaget= 11year olds start lying which depends on 2 factors
1) how big lie and punishment is
2)children don’t use motives of characters in stories to inform moral judgement
-wimmer= when intention of character clear children make similar judgements to older children
what is the aim of Lee study?
to investigate cross cultural variations in childrens understanding and moral valuations of lying
what is the method for Lee?
lab experiment
independent measures
cross sectional design
cross cultural method
what are the IV for Lee?
social or physical story
prosocial or antisocial
how many conditions were there for Lee?
4
what were the DV in Lees study?
-rating gave to story characters deed (very,very good and very, very naughty)
-rating gave to what character said
what were the Chinese participants in Lees study?
120
elementary schools Hangzhou, zhejilang province
40= 7,9,11 year olds
20m and 20f in each
what were the Canadian participants in Lees study?
108
elementary schools Fredericten, New Brunswick
most mc
36=7
40=9
32=11
more males 16,16,18
how were the Ps assigned to social or physical story?(Lee)
half randomly assigned to social and the rest physical
what were the materials in Lees story?
-4 articles: 2antisocial 2 prosocial
each P tested individually
what were the scale ratings? Lee
7 point scale
vv, v, good=3 red stars
vv, v, naughty=3 black cross
not good or naughty= blue circle
repeated every question
what was the structure for testing the P? Lee
read deed, question and rating, read second half, question and rating
how did they reduce order effects? Lee
swap around naughty and good
1/2 p read stories in predetermined order other 1/2 in another
what are the results for the prosocial truth telling? Lee
both cultures rate prosocial similarly
Canadian rate truth telling the same in all ages
Chinese rate truth telling less positive as age increases
what are the prosocial lying results? Lee
-Canadian lie negative but less negative as age increases
-Chinese lies negative to positive as age increases
what are antisocial truth results? Lee
-antisocial rated similarly in both cultures
-truth telling positive in both cultures
what are antisocial lie results? Lee
-lie negative in both cultures
negative increased with age regardless of culture
what are Lee conclusions?
-moral reasoning can be influenced by culture and society we live in
-influence of socio cultural factors becomes stronger as we age
- some aspects of moral reasoning may be universal (lying bad)
why is generalisability a s for Lee?
-both genders, cultures, ages
-large sample 120, 108
(don’t know economic background of wc)
why is reliability a s in Lee study?
-same scenarios
-rating scale control
-order effects reduced switched naughty and good
why is usefulness a s in Lee sample?
understand different cultures moral development, influenced by many factors
tells us it’s not reliable in court
why is ecological validity a w in Lee study?
-scenarios fake
-asked to judge behaviour by being read scenario
-(more realistic/ relatable scenarios than Kohlberg)
why is ethics a w in Lee study?
-children could feel pressured/ anxious
-consent from parents
what are similarities between Kohlberg and Lee?
usefulness- understanding moral development, k=stages, L=communism/ individualism
-both used fake scenarios so lack ecological validity
what are differences between Kohlberg and Lee? K
-longitudinal, 12 years
-nature= ability to go though stages
-75 American boys
-qualitative data, interviews
what are differences between Kohlberg and Lee? L
-cross cultural, Canada and Chinese, 7-9-11, cross sectional, mc Canada
- nurture- cultural difference in truth telling/ lying
-120 Chinese, 108 Canadian
-quantitative data 7 point scale
In Lees study how were the stories read?
participants own language
illustrations
what type of cities did the participants live in Lee?
chinese- medium size Hangzhou
canadian- smaller city Fredericton
How were Lees results quantified?
into points
vv good=3 point
how does lee show age affects ratings in prosocial situations?
70% chinese 11yo lying positive
25% chinese 7yo
