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moral development Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the background for Kohlberg? (freud)

A

psychoanalytic theory
-personality consists of id, ego, superego
-id= inherited, instinct
-ego= reason and common sense, influenced by external world
-superego=
conscience- guilt, immoral thoughts
ego ideal- pride, satisfaction

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2
Q

what is the background for kohlberg? (Piaget)

A

cognitive theory
-heteronomous morality= (5-9) roles unchangeable, enforced by authority
-autonomous morality= (9-10) rules created by people, can be negotiated
-kohlberg saw development as a more gradual process than Piaget continued into young adulthood

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3
Q

what was Kohlberg aim?

A
  • investigate development in moral reasoning throughout adolescence, early childhood
    -to access the extent to which these changes had truth in a range of cultural contexts
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4
Q

what was kohlberg sample?

A

-75 American boys
-10-16
-followed at 3 year intervals (end age 22-28)
-studies boys in Great Britain, Taiwan, Canada, Mexico, Turkey

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5
Q

what is Kohlbergs method?

A

-longitudinal study 12 years
-cross cultural element
-data gathered through interviews

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6
Q

what was kohlberg procedure?

A

p gave moral dilemma every three years, all philosophical, some taken from medieval ethics literature, measure 25 moral themes (value of human life, reasons for obeying rules)
p then asked what the character should do, ‘should the doctor mercy kill a fatally ill woman requesting death due to her pain?’
cross sectional, dilemmas presented to young people in Taiwan and Mexico- groups of different ages compared

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7
Q

in kohlbergs results what were the stages at the preconventional level?

A

-orientation towards punishment= consequences
-orientation towards self interest= own needs

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8
Q

in kohlbergs results what were the stages at the conventional level?

A

-good-boy-good-girl orientation= image to others
-orientation towards authority

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9
Q

in kohlbergs results what were the stages at the postconventional level?

A

-social contract orientation= agreed by whole society, room for personal opinion
-orientation towards conscience and ethical principles= circumstance of case

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10
Q

what are Kohlbergs conclusions?

A

-children, adolescents, young adults go through stages where moral reasoning develops from preconventional- self interest, conventional-rules and approval, post conventional- agreed rules also personal conscience
-although variations in rate of development, people growing in a range of cultural contexts go through same stages

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11
Q

what example did kohlberg illustrate the six stages with?

A

the value of human life

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12
Q

what are Kohlbergs conclusions?

A

-answers fell in stage when 50% identified with that stage
-unsure on if each person went through 5 to 6 or they were different maturity options
-age doesn’t determine stage

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13
Q

whats an example of a dilemma in Kohlbergs study?

A

-father promised son could go to camp if he saved his own money
-broke his promise as he wanted to use his sons money for a fishing trip with friends

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14
Q

is generalisability a strength or weakness?

A

weakness
75 small
androcentric
Only longitudinal in America

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15
Q

is reliability a strength or weakness?

A

strength
same dilemmas

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16
Q

is ecological validity a strength or weakness?

A

weakness
not real scenarios

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17
Q

what is the background for Lee?

A

limitation on previous studies as all children in western countries who are raised in industrialised, individualistic, competitive environment (self aggrandisement)

-piaget= 11year olds start lying which depends on 2 factors
1) how big lie and punishment is
2)children don’t use motives of characters in stories to inform moral judgement

-wimmer= when intention of character clear children make similar judgements to older children

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18
Q

what is the aim of Lee study?

A

to investigate cross cultural variations in childrens understanding and moral valuations of lying

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19
Q

what is the method for Lee?

A

lab experiment
independent measures
cross sectional design
cross cultural method

20
Q

what are the IV for Lee?

A

social or physical story
prosocial or antisocial

21
Q

how many conditions were there for Lee?

A

4

22
Q

what were the DV in Lees study?

A

-rating gave to story characters deed (very,very good and very, very naughty)
-rating gave to what character said

23
Q

what were the Chinese participants in Lees study?

A

120
elementary schools Hangzhou, zhejilang province
40= 7,9,11 year olds
20m and 20f in each

24
Q

what were the Canadian participants in Lees study?

A

108
elementary schools Fredericten, New Brunswick
most mc
36=7
40=9
32=11
more males 16,16,18

25
Q

how were the Ps assigned to social or physical story?(Lee)

A

half randomly assigned to social and the rest physical

26
Q

what were the materials in Lees story?

A

-4 articles: 2antisocial 2 prosocial
each P tested individually

27
Q

what were the scale ratings? Lee

A

7 point scale
vv, v, good=3 red stars
vv, v, naughty=3 black cross
not good or naughty= blue circle
repeated every question

28
Q

what was the structure for testing the P? Lee

A

read deed, question and rating, read second half, question and rating

29
Q

how did they reduce order effects? Lee

A

swap around naughty and good
1/2 p read stories in predetermined order other 1/2 in another

30
Q

what are the results for the prosocial truth telling? Lee

A

both cultures rate prosocial similarly
Canadian rate truth telling the same in all ages
Chinese rate truth telling less positive as age increases

31
Q

what are the prosocial lying results? Lee

A

-Canadian lie negative but less negative as age increases
-Chinese lies negative to positive as age increases

32
Q

what are antisocial truth results? Lee

A

-antisocial rated similarly in both cultures
-truth telling positive in both cultures

33
Q

what are antisocial lie results? Lee

A

-lie negative in both cultures
negative increased with age regardless of culture

34
Q

what are Lee conclusions?

A

-moral reasoning can be influenced by culture and society we live in
-influence of socio cultural factors becomes stronger as we age
- some aspects of moral reasoning may be universal (lying bad)

35
Q

why is generalisability a s for Lee?

A

-both genders, cultures, ages
-large sample 120, 108
(don’t know economic background of wc)

36
Q

why is reliability a s in Lee study?

A

-same scenarios
-rating scale control
-order effects reduced switched naughty and good

37
Q

why is usefulness a s in Lee sample?

A

understand different cultures moral development, influenced by many factors
tells us it’s not reliable in court

38
Q

why is ecological validity a w in Lee study?

A

-scenarios fake
-asked to judge behaviour by being read scenario
-(more realistic/ relatable scenarios than Kohlberg)

39
Q

why is ethics a w in Lee study?

A

-children could feel pressured/ anxious
-consent from parents

40
Q

what are similarities between Kohlberg and Lee?

A

usefulness- understanding moral development, k=stages, L=communism/ individualism
-both used fake scenarios so lack ecological validity

41
Q

what are differences between Kohlberg and Lee? K

A

-longitudinal, 12 years
-nature= ability to go though stages
-75 American boys
-qualitative data, interviews

42
Q

what are differences between Kohlberg and Lee? L

A

-cross cultural, Canada and Chinese, 7-9-11, cross sectional, mc Canada
- nurture- cultural difference in truth telling/ lying
-120 Chinese, 108 Canadian
-quantitative data 7 point scale

43
Q

In Lees study how were the stories read?

A

participants own language
illustrations

44
Q

what type of cities did the participants live in Lee?

A

chinese- medium size Hangzhou
canadian- smaller city Fredericton

45
Q

How were Lees results quantified?

A

into points
vv good=3 point

46
Q

how does lee show age affects ratings in prosocial situations?

A

70% chinese 11yo lying positive
25% chinese 7yo

Psychology (20 decks)

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