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Psychology > regions of the brain and brain plasticity > Flashcards

regions of the brain and brain plasticity Flashcards

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1
Q

what is brain lateralisation? Sperry

A

behavioural functions controlled by specific regions of the brain
-language lateralised to left hemisphere

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2
Q

what are the two background studies for sperry?

A

-Brocca:
carried post mortems on ppl who had speech production problems but understood language= damage to lower left frontal lobe
-Wernicke:
those with severe deficit in understanding speech, left temporal lobe

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3
Q

what is the split brain background for sperry?

A

-undergone commissurotomy on corpus collosum ‘cure for epilepsy’ prevent spreading
-epilepsy= excessive signalling of nerves

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4
Q

what is the aim for sperry?

A

-test hemisphere de-connection in humans
.if memory perception differs between hemispheres
.extent hemispheres would interact to achieve memory and perception

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5
Q

what was the method for sperry?

A

lab setting
quasi
repeated measures
iv- split brain
dv- ability to perform variety of visual and tactile tasks

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6
Q

what was the sample for sperry?

A

11 epileptic patients
mix of ages and sexes
length between operation and study vary (largest 5.5years)

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7
Q

what was the visual test?

A

-covered eye, fix point
-visual stimuli on 35 mm transparencies for 1/10 of a second on translucent screen

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8
Q

what was the tactile test?

A

object placed in hands
left hand processed by right hemisphere

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9
Q

what were the apparatus for sperry?

A

translucent screen
tachnistoscope

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10
Q

what were the visual results for sperry?

A

-info in one visual feed only recognised in same field
-info to rvf could be described in speech and writing
-if same info presented to lvf claimed didn’t see anything or flash of light
-could point left hand to matching picture

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11
Q

what were the tactile results for sperry?

A

-objects in right hand described in speech and writing
-same objects in left hand make wild guesses
-felt by one hand recognised by same hand
-two objects placed in each hand both hands selected own object

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12
Q

what were the conclusion for sperry?

A

-language lateralised in left hemisphere
-split brain lack integration
-split brain 2 independent streams if consciousness, own memories, perceptions, impulses
-not impaired, perform better than normal

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13
Q

background for casey?

A

-use cog control to delay gratification.
-cooling-direct attention away from hot feature and focus on cool

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14
Q

background- mischel

A

-Mischel et al- cool and hot thoughts involve own neurocognitive system, cool= prefrontal cortex, hot= limbic system
-marshmallow test- 1/3 resisted

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15
Q

sperry background-Eigsti

A

performance in childhood predicts performance in adulthood

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16
Q

what was caseys aim?

A

to investigate if delay of gratification in childhood accurately predicts impulse control when adults (40)

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17
Q

what were the variables for Casey?

A

Iv- if P was high or low delayer
Dv- performance on experiment 1 (reaction times and accuracy) and imaging results in experiment 2

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18
Q

What was casey’s method?

A

repeated measures
longitudinal study 4-40

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19
Q

What was Casey’s sample?

A

562 4year olds Stanfords Bing nursery school, completed delay of gratification test
1) 59 (23 male and 36 female) 32 high and 27 low
2) 27 (13 male 14 female) 15 high and 11 low
one man excluded so 26

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20
Q

What was Casey’s experiment 1?

A

-own homes through pre programmed computers
-cool= presented m+f neutral face one sex was Go and other No Go
-hot= m+f happy expressions
-told to respond asap
-faces appeared 1/2 seconds and followed by 1 second interval
-160 faces in total

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21
Q

what was Casey’s experiment 2?

A

26 scanned by fMRI whilst completing hot version of go/no go task
-only 48 faces shown
-each face shown for 1/2 second followed by 2-14.5 second interval

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22
Q

what were the results for Casey 1?

A

both groups were highly accurate
high- 99.8%
low-99.5%
low delayers less accurate in no good way trials

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23
Q

what were results for Casey 2?

A

-right frontal gyrus less active in low delayers
-higher activity in ventral striatum in low delayers

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24
Q

what were Casey conclusions?

A

-sensitivity to environmental hot cues plays significant role in an individuals ability to suppress actions to alluring cues
-nature: individuals who struggle delaying gratification at 4 carry this into adulthood

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25
Q

why is generalisability a weakness? casey

A

all stanford nursery school

26
Q

why is reliability a strength? casey

A

standard procedure
fMRI

27
Q

Why is usefulness a strength? Casey

A

understand why teenagers take more risks

28
Q

what is blakemoor and cooper background?

A

-structure of human and cat brain similar
-Hubel and Wiesel: type of neuron in visual context responds to orientation (nature)
-Hirsch and Spinell: if cat raised so one eye saw horizontal and one verticals the cells created became exclusively horizontal or vertical (nurture)

29
Q

what is blakemore and cooper aim?

A

investigate the development of the primary visual cortex (in cats) and to find out if some properties such as orientation are innate or learnt

30
Q

what were the variables in blakemore and coopers study?

A

iv: kitten in horizontal or vertical condition
dv: visuomotor behaviour when place in an illuminated environment

31
Q

what was blakemore and cooper sample?

A

2 lab kitten raised in darkness until 2 weeks old
one horizontal and vertical

32
Q

in blakemore and coopers procedure what was the special apparatus ?

A

kitten on glass platform in cylinder with black and white horizontal or vertical stripes
for 5 hours a day
no corners no edges

33
Q

what happened in blakemore and coopers study when the kittens were 5 months?

A

stopped the special apparatus
taken for several hours a week to well lit room with chairs and tables
visual reactions observed and recorded

34
Q

what happened when the kittens were 7.5 months?

A

anaesthetised so their neurophysiology could be examined

35
Q

in blakemore and coopers study what were the general findings?

A

-both kittens initially extremely visually impaired
-no startle to object thrown at them
-guided themselves mainly by touch
-frightened when reached edge of surface

36
Q

in blakemore and coopers study what were the short term and long term general findings ?

A
  • after 10 hours in the normal conditions they started to show startled responses

-always followed objects clumsy and with jerky head movements
-tried to reach for things beyond their reach

37
Q

in blakemore and coopers study what were the key findings?

A

the neurophysiological exam showed
-kittens suffered from physical blindness
-75% of kittens cell were binocular and responded like a normal cat

38
Q

what were the conclusions for blakemore and cooper?

A

-visual experiences in the early life of kittens can modify their brains
-nurture: brain development determined by functional demands
-the environment can determine perception at behavioural and physical levels in cats

39
Q

why was blakemore and coopers study reliable?

A

lab study
controlled environment

40
Q

why was blakemore and coopers study valid?

A

internal validity

41
Q

what was the background to maguire?

A

-hippocampus plays important part in creation of new memories and spatial memory and navigation
-increase in hippocampus volume in animals who require spatial memory in some seasons (autumn for squirrels)the hippocampus volume increases

42
Q

what did the background research for maguire not show?

A

-whether differences in brain structure is in response to environmental stimulation
-precise role of the hippocampus in humans
-whether the hippocampus responds to spatial demand in humans the same

43
Q

what was the knowledge test in maguires study?

A

-black cab driver test
-need knowledge of 25000 streets in a 6mile radius of Charing cross
-written test on 80 routes and interviews on other 240

44
Q

what was the knowledge test in maguires study?

A

-black cab driver test
-need knowledge of 25000 streets in a 6mile radius of Charing cross
-written test on 80 routes and interviews on other 240

45
Q

what were the aims for maguires study?

A

-to show the hippocampus in human brain structure is associated with spatial memory and navigation
-to examine the direct effect of spatial experience on brain structure
-to see if there was a correlation between the length of time as a taxi driver and hippocampus volume (grey matter)

46
Q

what was the sample for maguires study

A

experimental group: 16 taxi drivers, all male right handed, mean age 44, mean length or taxi time 14.3

control group: 50 non taxi drivers, 50 VBM and 16 pixel counting

47
Q

what was the method for maguire?

A

lab/quasi experiment
independent measures and matched pairs design

48
Q

what was the Iv for maguire study?

A

if p was a london taxi driver or not

49
Q

what was the dv for maguires study?

A

volume of the hippocampus including their anterior body and posterior regions measure by VBM and pixel counting

50
Q

what was the procedure for maguires study?

A

took structural MRI scans
assessed by VBM and pixel counting

51
Q

In Maguires study what was VBM?

A

(voxel based morphometry)
automatic procedure that normalises the scans to a template to eliminate brain size
identifies grey matter density from different regions of the brain

52
Q

In Maguires study what was pixel counting?

A

compared the volume of anterior body and posterior cross sections of the taxi drivers hippocampi to non taxi drivers
analysed by 1 experienced person blinded to if p was taxi or not

53
Q

what were the VBM results and findings in Maguires study?

A

increased grey matter volume in left and right posterior hippocampi for taxi drivers. increased grey matter in right and left anterior for non taxi drivers

54
Q

what were the pixel counting results in maguires study?

A

taxi drivers has greater posterior hippocampal volume both groups has a significantly greater hippocampal volume on right than left

55
Q

what were the conclusions for maguire?

A

-there are regionally specific structural differences between hippocampi of taxi and non taxi
-professional dependence on navigational skills in taxi drivers associated with a relative redistribution of grey matter in hippocampus
-changed the arrangement of hippocampi in grey matter is acquired due to nature
-findings indicate possibility of local plasticity in the structure of a normal human brain allows it to adapt in response to prolonged environmental stimuli

56
Q

what is the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

the centre of the brain that decides to resist temptation or not

57
Q

what is the ventral striatum?

A

the centre of the brain that deals with rewards and desire

58
Q

what is the hot task and cool task?

A

hot task stimulates the centre of reward and desire in the brain (the Ventral Striatum).

cool task stimulates the centre of delay of gratification in the brain (the Inferior Frontal Gyrus)

59
Q

how many p were in the follow up and what did they complete ? casey

A

155 adults completed self-control self-reports, which identified which participants were ‘low-delayers’ and which were ‘high-delayers’.

60
Q

what was the point in having hot and cool go/no go tasks

A

to see if social cues affect gratification

Psychology (19 decks)

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