p3 (b) criminal psychology

Question 1

what are biological key assumptions?

Answer 1

-behaviour caused by our biology and way our body works

-mind resides in physical structures of the brain so all thoughts feelings and emotions have physiological cause

Question 2

what are non physiological explanations for criminals?

Answer 2

Bandura SLT

self fulfilling prophecy

Question 3

what is Banduras explanation of criminals?

Answer 3

-children around same sex role models who are criminals observe it
-if outcomes good behaviour is vicariously reinforced
-children imitate behaviour in hopes of also gaining a reward

Question 4

what is the self fulfilling prophecy of what makes a criminal?

Answer 4

-when you are treated like a criminal u become one
-Jahoda: Ashanti culture
.Wednesday- aggressive
Monday- calm
-22% violent crimes committed by wednesday boys and 7% monday

Question 5

what are physiological explanations for criminals?

Answer 5

-Lombroso ‘criminal evolution’

-Sheldon ‘the criminal body’

Question 6

what is the Lombroso theory of criminals?

Answer 6

-Charles Darwin theory of evolution
-humans evolved to possess criminal features
-criminals subspecies of human
-narrow sloping brow
large ears
defined jawline
abnormalities

Question 7

what is Sheldon’s explanation of what makes a criminal?

Answer 7

-ectomorphs, endomorphs, mesomorphs
-mesomorphs criminal (most inmates)

-those with muscular build can achieve anything (rewards) with force
-muscular build creates prejudice cant escape stigma

-historically wc due to diet and labour

Question 8

what is the aim for Raine?

Answer 8

Study brain activities in murderers and non-murderers using PET
Find out if differences in areas thought to be involved in violence

Question 9

what was the experimental sample for Raine?

Answer 9

41 murderers
39 men, two women
Mean age 34.3
NGRI

Question 10

what was the control sample for Raine?

Answer 10

matched sex age
Six schizophrenic

Question 11

what was the design Raine?

Answer 11

Quasi experiment
Matched pairs

Question 12

what was the procedure Raine?

Answer 12

practice CPT
Began CPT session
30 seconds later injected with glucose tracer
CPT lasted 32 minutes
10 horizontal slices at 10 mm intervals
Brain scan using PET

Question 13

what two techniques were used to identify brain regions?Raine

Answer 13

cortical peel technique ( lateral areas)

Box technique (middle area)

Question 14

what regions did the cortical peel technique identify?Raine

Answer 14

superior frontal gyri
Middle frontal gyri
Inferior frontal gyri

Question 15

what regions did the box technique identify? Raine

Answer 15

Orbital gyrus
Superior frontal gyrus

Question 16

i what were the asymmetrical results?Raine

Answer 16

Abnormal asymmetrical activation in amygdala 0.88
Hippocampus
Thalamus
higher in right

Question 17

what regions were lower in murderers?Raine

Answer 17

lateral prefrontal cortex1.09
medial prefrontal cortex

Question 18

what were conclusions for?Raine

Answer 18

Aries with abnormal activity associated with aggressive behaviours
-Amygdala lack of fear
-Prefrontal cortex lowered self-control
-Issues expressing emotions

Question 19

what are two biological strategies to prevent crime?

Answer 19

plastic surgery
drug treatment

Question 20

why would plastic surgery work to prevent crime?

Answer 20

correct facial defects
associated with physical abnormalities with criminality
exposed to ugly villains and handsome princes
self esteem independently linked to risk of criminality

Question 21

what study used plastic surgery to reduce crime?

Answer 21

lewinson
450 facial reconstructions for prisoners broken noses, facial scars, deformed ears
increased cooperation with authority and prison activities
inmates likely to learn a trade

Question 22

what are strengths of plastic surgery to prevent crime?

Answer 22

reduces recidivism
enhances self esteem and perception
improves reputation and first impressions
breaks sfp ’new start’
42% reoffend not 75

Question 23

what is a weakness of plastic surgery to prevent criminals?

Answer 23

reductions
not all crime
not all criminals need

Question 24

issues with crime scenes and fingerprints

Answer 24

mistake made with fingerprints
golden hour
Competing motives
-motivated to identify criminals
-motivated to catch the right criminals

Question 25

what are motivating factors and bias with fingerprints?

Answer 25

Charleston- 13 analyst main motivation
rewards
hope and satisfaction
case importance
feelings
-marks often poor quality, incomplete, sludge, distracted

Question 26

what are problems with fingerprint analyst Dror?

Answer 26

lack of consistency
individual fingerprint analyst from one another and themselves over time
-range of cognitive factors bias decisions

Question 27

what are causes of bias in fingerprint analyst?

Answer 27

-emotional context: Dror- high emotion increases chance of match decision
-desire to solve the case: when matched prints found- motivated to find more non existent

Question 28

what are latent marks?

Answer 28

marks left by fingerprints on surfaces, ridges and patterns

Question 29

what are Hall and players aims?

Answer 29

-if fingerprint experts emotionally affected by case details in report
-if emotional context would bias the decisions

Question 30

what was Hall and Player sample?

Answer 30

70 experts
Met police bureau
volunteers
11 years mean experience

Question 31

what was the design for hall and player?

Answer 31

lab experiment
independent measures design
IV- high emotion- fire two shots
low emotion- forgery fake £50
DV-impacted by emotional context and if it effected decision

Question 32

what fingerprint where they given in Hall and Players study?

Answer 32

-fingerprint from known source
-superimposed- latent mark only just identifiable (confirmed by other experts)
-matched set of 10 donor prints
-colour, size and detail valid

Question 33

what two objects were the analysts given?

Answer 33

-fingerprint magnifying glass
-Russell comparator

Question 34

what were the analysts given in hall and players study?

Answer 34

-test mark card
right forefinger
examiners report
10 fingerprints

Question 35

what were the results for hall and players study?

Answer 35

high emotion affected- 50%
low emotion- 6%
-no significant difference between decisions made identified 6 highs, 7 low

Question 36

what were the conclusions for hall and players study?

Answer 36

-emotional context affects expert feelings
-doesn’t affect analysis/ decision
-experts better at analysing

Question 37

what are application for fingerprint analysis?

Answer 37

-independent analysis of prints
-Filler- control method
-working in isolation from other evidence

Question 38

what is independent analysis of prints?

Answer 38

-Kassin-linear approach
analyse print in isolation
analyse comparison print
compare
reconsider original analysis

Question 39

what is the issue with not using independent analysis of prints?

Answer 39

low inter-rater reliability (Dror)
-comparison print set up cognitive expectations
affects analyst attention search for only similarities

Question 40

what are strengths of using independent analysis?

Answer 40

mitigates impact of cognitive expectations improves objectivity

Question 41

what are weaknesses of independent analysis?

Answer 41

-time consuming
-may not be possible in all circumstances

Question 42

what is the filler control method?

Answer 42

6 comparison prints to remove motivation to match print to suspect
-drives competing motivation to find right criminal (Dror)

Question 43

what are strengths of filler control method?

Answer 43

-increases validity and accuracy in finding criminal

Question 44

what are weaknesses of filler control method?

Answer 44

-time consuming
-where do the prints come from

Question 45

what is isolation from other evidence?

Answer 45

Kassin- unaware of crime scene info
-Hall + Player- info can influence and impact cognitive decisions
-verification should also be blind

Question 46

what is a strength of isolation from other evidence?

Answer 46

-reduces psychological harm
-reduces emotional bias

Question 47

what are weaknesses of isolation from other evidence?

Answer 47

-difficult to implicate
people talk/ news
can’t always be unaware