child psychology Flashcards
what does spearman say intelligence is?
cognitive ability
what does sternberg say intelligence is?
triarchic theory
analytical
practical
creative
STAT test
what are the types of intelligence Horn identifies?
fluid
crystallised
what does Horn say happens to intelligence with age?
fluid higher for young
crystallised higher for old
what does Gardner say about intelligence?
can’t be measured by a single test
musical
spatial
kinesthetic
what are the biological factors affecting intelligence?
genetics
environment
brain size
what do Plomin and Defries say about genetics affecting intelligence?
Mz raised in same environment had significantly similar Iq even when reader separately
what do Plomin and Defries say about genetics and intelligent
Mz raised in same environment had significantly similar Iq even when reader separately
what does Lucas say about the environment and intelligence?
nutrition impact intelligence
premature babies fred breast milk had higher iq than bottle fed
what does Schoenthaler say about environment and Iq?
IQ improved when fed vitamin supplement
maternal drug use has negative effect on child’s IQ
what was historically found about brain size and intelligence?
larger head, larger brain so higher intelligence
used post mortems to validate conclusions
-new brains canning techniques shown small correlation
what was the aim of Van Leeuwen?
investigate intelligence using study with twins, siblings, parents to assess relationships between family members
what was the sample for Van Leeuwen?
112 families Netherlands
Mz/Dz twins siblings 9-14
all 2 parents
no psychiatric problems mental illness
volunteer
what was the design for Van Leeuwen?
extended twin design
what was the procedure for Van Leeuwen?
cheek swab
SPM-younger
APM-older
individually tested, seperate rooms
what were the results for Van Leeuwen?
-correlations on scores of IQ higher for MZ twins
-no difference between sexes
-correlation of IQ between couples similar
-genetics 67%
what were the conclusions for Van Leeuwen?
-main influence on IQ level is genetic factors
what are the practical applications for intelligence?
Ravens Progressive Matrices
The Good enough-Harris Drawing test
what is the Ravens Progressive Matrices?
non verbal
test fluid intelligence
incompleted pictorial patterns
different abilities and ages
1) colour prog matrice (children and disabilities)
2)standard prog matrice (7-18)
3)advanced prog matrice 18+
what are evaluations of Ravens progressive matrices?
-favoured in researching children because doesn’t rely on language
-neutral in terms of culture
-pessimistic
what is the Good enough Harrison Drawing test?
intelligence based on drawing not logic
visual spatial skills
drawing man women and themselves
analyse features and proportions
14 aspects
what are evaluations of the Good enough Harris Drawing test?
validity- men, women may be viewed differently
how does the brain develop?
neurons make connections- mostly in first 3 months
-limbic system and cerebral cortex not fully developed till adults
what is perception in children?
ability to see, hear or become aware of something thought senses
-brain processing and organising of sensory information
-develops in childhood and helps us interact with environment
what is the presence of white and grey matter in brain development?
grey matter peaks in adolescence then decreases
-white matter increases
what is the cognitive information processing model?
-attention paid
-stimulus is perceived through senses
-stimulus is transferred to memory
-solve new problems and understand
what is the role of brain weight in brain development?
Epstein- brain weight at birth 350g and 1000 at 2 due to myelination
- insulates neurons, helps conduct electrical impulses easily
makes movements smoother and more coordinated
what is synapse pruning?
-infants 2x amount of synapses than adults
-at 3 connections not being used die off leading to greater organisation
specialised for certain functions
how does brain development impact risk taking?
limbic system extremely active
ventral striatum matured
underdeveloped pre frontal cortex
how can environmental factors affect risk taking?
-alcohol reduces social discomfort, insecure so drink for confidence
-serotonin (neurotransmitter linked to mood) Rhesus Macaque monkeys- serotonin leads to impulsivity
what is barkley levenson and galvan aim?
difference in neural activity between adolescent and adult brain when engaging in risk taking behaviour
sample for blg?
20 adolescent
17 adults
university of California
healthy
right handed
volunteer- advertisement
design for blg?
quasi in lab conditions
independent measures
what was the first procedure for blg?
-collect info on source and amount of money
adolescent= $52 adult= $467
-gave $20 opportunity to gain or lose
-familiarised to FMRI
What was blg second procedure?
1 week later
-spinner 50% each side
-profit from -5 to 20
-24 gain only 24 lose only
-144 trials
-accept or reject based on ev
-one gamble would be played at the end
fmri
what were the results for blg?
-both accepted gamble when ev positive
-higher ev more likely adolescents were to accept
-left VS higher in adolescent and increased as ev rose
-behave similarly if no risk
conclusion for blg?
-due to brain development adolescents more likely to engage in risk taking
-adolescents higher activation in vs
-adolescent place grate value on reward
what are applications for risk taking behaviours?
GLS- graduate driver license
-parenting strategies
what are gls?
-more likely to engage in risk taking due to lack of cognitive control
-likely to drive riskier so insurance higher
-restrictions:
no night driving
zero alcohol
maximum speeds and suspensions
-limited passengers
what are evaluations of GLS?
-freewill- may not engage
-reductionist- some may work late
-stigma around young drivers
-effectiveness depends on strictness of implementation
what are parenting strategies to reduce risk taking behaviours?
Newman- adolescents brought up in authoritative families show fewer risk behaviours
-adolescents with authoritative parents have positive relationships and open communication least likely to risk take
-discipline
-slt
what are evaluations of parenting strategies to prevent risk taking behaviours?
freewill- children may ignore
-holistic-upbringing and biological
-nurture- optimistic
what is perception in children?
ability to see, hear or become aware of something through the senses
-brains processing and organising of sensory information
what is the cognitive information processing model?
-attention paid by an individual
-stimulus perceived through the senses
-stimulus transferred to the memory
-solve new problems and understand
how does perception develop in children?
-vision is last sense to develop
-facial recognition and depth perception develop over childs first year
what is depth perception?
3D
judge distance of object
motion parallex
once crawling has began
what is the constructivist theory of perception?
-develops as a result of past experiences
top down process
what is the nativist theory of perception?
natural and instinctive process
bottom up
immediate process
develop in same way at same age
what are the two ways to study perceptual development?
-habituation= how long look at familiar stimuli
-preferential looking= longer gaze on certain object
studies that used selective rearing in perception development
animals- Nealey and Riley rats in dark for first 300 days of life, unable to show depth perception
-cant selectively rear humans so culture has an impact- turnball= kenge thought buffalo was an insect
what was the aim for Gibson and Walk?
-investigate how humans and animals perceive depth
-when depth perception develops and if it’s innate
what was the sample for Gibson and Walk?
36 infants mums participated
-6 to 14 months
chicks, turtles, rats, lambs, pigs
what was the design and method for Gibson and Walk?
lab experiment
visual cliff
-iv- whether mum called from cliff or shallow side
-dv- if child would crawl to its mum
what was the procedure for Gibson and Walk?
visual cliff to test depth perception
-board on large sheet of glass printed pattern which was underneath on one side (cliff)
-child centre of board
what were the results for Gibson and Walk?
27/36 infants crawled to shallow side
-3/27 (11%) on deep side
-backed away from cliff edge
-cried and crawled away
-animals same
what were the conclusions for Gibson and Walk?
-most children displayed ability to perceive depth by the time they could crawl
-both nature and nurture as three crawled to deep side
-survival of species requires depth discrimination to take up independent movement
1 day in chicks and 6-10 months in humans
what are the applications for depth perception in children?
sensory integrative play
auditory bingo
what is sensory integrative play?
help cope with sensory and perceptual difficulties
-ADHD or ASD
-sensory therapist conducts initial assessment
-individual programme designed to be fun
-brushes on the skin, sitting or rolling on bouncy ball, weighted vest, dancing to different types of music
what are issues with sensory integrative play?
-nurture, optimistic
-holistic- music, touch, sight
-unethical, sensitive
-freewill, child needs to engage
what is auditory bingo?
-ability to interpret and create a clear impression of sounds
-distinguish between pitches, volumes, rhythms
-sounds of animals and everyday objects corresponds to image on board
familiar to child
what are issues with auditory attention?
-nurture, optimistic
-reductionist, children suffer with other things like touch
-unethical
what is Piaget background for cognitive development in children?
universal invariant theory
children born with basic cognitive set of abilities
what are Piaget stages of development ?
-sensorimotor: 0-2 moving around, object permanence
-pre operational: 2-7 animism, egocentric
-concrete operational: 7-11 years
overcome cognitive deficits
-formal operational 11+ logic
what is Vygotsky background on children’s cognitive development?
cultural context influences behaviour
-basic cognitive abilities, memory, attention, social interaction
-ZPD teach cognitive development with MKO
what impact does the cognitive development of children have on education?
Paiget- perform certain tasks at certain ages, young not asked to solve theoretical issues
-child centred- shouldn’t be passive learners (little scientists) learn for themselves
-vygotsky- learning through MKO spiral curriculum
what is the aim for Wood?
investigate if children respond to tutoring when they have a problem to solve
-how this changed with age
what is the sample for Wood?
30 children
3,4,5
5 boys and girls
volunteer with parents
middle class
usa
what was the design for wood?
controlled observation
harvard uni
what was the procedure for Wood?
sessions 20 mins to 1hour
-teach how to build 3D pyramid
-21 blocks fun complex interesting
-play for five mins with blocks
-make more like that
-score basis on success
what are the results and findings for Wood?
-number of interventions higher for young children, less verbal, tutor ignored frequently
-younger made fewer unassisted pairings, fewer correct 64.5% 87.5%
what were the conclusions for Wood?
-increase age results in greater likelihood of success
-scaffolding
1) recruitment
2) reduction in degrees of freedom
3)direction maintenance
4) marking critical features
5)frustration control
6)demonstration
what are applications to improve revision?
Mnemonics
context dependency
what are mnemonic?
cognitive strategy to improve remembering copious amounts of info
-method of loci
acronyms
acrostic
what is attachment?
emotional bond between two people where each seeks closeness and feels secure in their presence
what is the process of development in babies?
proximity seeking
separation anxiety
happiness and reunion
what does Bowlby say about attachment?
nature
-evolutionary explanation
-innate mechanism evolved through natural selection
-sensitive period first 12 months
-primary attachment with mother monotropy
what does Lorenz say about attachment?
nature
geese
primary attachment with first ting they see
what does Ainsworth say about attachment?
-secure= positive reunion, maternal proximity, distress
-insecure avoidant= ignores caregiver, insensitive care
-insecure resistant= exaggerate distress and anger, inconsistent care
-insecure disorganised= bizzare response
what is the nurture/ behaviourist idea on attachment?
form attachment to whoever feeds them- classical conditioning
-becomes comfort
what is the impact of a failure to form attachments?
Bowlby= maternal deprivation hypothesis- failure in first 2.5 years
child develops social, emotional issues and psychopathy
insecure disorganised= mental health issues
what did Rutter find about the impact of failure to form attachments?
children may not develop negative consequences
-children in Romanian orphanages form attachments to adoptive parents
aim for Ainsworth and Bell?
investigate attachment behaviours in children using strange situation
-mother as secure base
-separation and reunion behaviour
sample for Ainsworth and Bell?
56 babies
under 1
white middle class
-opportunity- pediatricians
what is the design for Ainsworth and Bell?
controlled observation
one way mirror
what is the procedure for Ainsworth and Bell?
-8 standardised situations
-m + o carried baby o left
-m put b in place and sat quietly
-s walked in and conversed with mum
-m left
-s left
m returned
what were the results and findings for Ainsworth and Bell?
-searching behaviour increases with stranger and when alone
-can’t be directly linked some babies only cried a little
-4 babies had no response when alone
-proximity seeking increased by brief separation
what were the conclusions for Ainsworth and Bell?
in unfamiliar and distressing situations attachment behaviours increase in babies
-attachment figure used as safe base for exploration
-fear of unknown figures gradually decreases
what are the applications for attachment?
family-centred care
-high quality daycare
what is family-centred care?
hospitals= deep rooted fear and vulnerability
-open visitation and overnight stay
-share info about patient with family and work in partnership
-respect individuals choices
-engage parents in care, bathing, reading books
-maintains family routine
what are evaluations of family centred care?
-expensive- bed for parents, not easy to implement
-children from poorer backgrounds- working hours
what is high quality day care?
separation anxiety in daycare
-only explore environment in attachments formed
-low child to carer ratio
-2= 1:3
2-3= 1:4
-key workers build familiar relationship
-50% staff qualified
-staff paid and treated well
evaluation of high quality daycare?
expensive- meals
what is the influence of TV adverts on children? Bandura
imitate behaviours through SLT
TV, internet, billboards, transport
watersheds- only limit exposure to physical violence and sex not stereotypes on class, gender and ethnicity
frequent repitition
what are influences of TV adverts on children? Buijzen and Valkenburg
children make christmas list based on adverts
67% had at least one advertised product
what are gender stereotypes found in adverts?
-tilt- up girls show submission
-tilt down boys show superiority
rapid pace of shots show high action for boys
-boys more effects and rock music
-2012 let toys be toys
what was the aim for Johnson and Young?
-examine if the language used in TV adverts differed for boys and girls
-if gender is used as a discourse code to link products to gender roles
what is the sample for Johnson and Young?
-478 adverts
nickelodeon
USA new England
1996, 1997, 1999
what was the method for Johnson and Young?
-content and discourse analysis
-analyse through developed themes, vocab and tone
-adverts on food, toys, education, video and film
what was the procedure for Johnson and Young?
-identify gender in voiceovers, gender exaggeration, different verbs used
- action verbs, competition/destruction, agency, limited activity verbs, nurturing
what were the findings for Johnson and Young?
-few non gender specific adverts
-naming of toys reinforced stereotypes= big time action hero, girl talk
-boys- action figures, girls- barbies
-nurturing verbs, b0 g66
competition verbs, b113 g9
what were the conclusions for Johnson and Young?
-gender stereotypes underlie tv adverts
-portray males and females stereotypically through tone, verbs, vocab
-manipulates children into gender specific roles
-due to profitability and previous success
what are application to reduce the impact of tv adverts on children?
media literacy
limiting tv adverts
what is media literacy?
-young children won’t understand influence of adverts on their behaviour
-develops critical awareness
-taught when they are being presented with misleading info and being manipulated
-media smart
-6-11 non profit
music to change mood, merchandise
evaluation of media literacy?
freewill- optimistic can improve understanding
-usefulness- still exposed to adverts, may not fully understand or apply learnings
what is limiting tv adverts?
-Nielsen- adverts deny children chance to develop into responsible consumers
-Austria- banned adverts before 8:15
-Belgium and Germany- commercial free programmes no sponsorship
-Sweden and Norway- no adverts during children tv
evaluation of limiting tv adverts?
hard to monitor- children may stay up past certain times
economic issues
reductionist- not just tv adverts influencing children
