child psychology Flashcards
what does spearman say intelligence is?
cognitive ability
what does sternberg say intelligence is?
triarchic theory
analytical
practical
creative
STAT test
what are the types of intelligence Horn identifies?
fluid
crystallised
what does Horn say happens to intelligence with age?
fluid higher for young
crystallised higher for old
what does Gardner say about intelligence?
can’t be measured by a single test
musical
spatial
kinesthetic
what are the biological factors affecting intelligence?
genetics
environment
brain size
what do Plomin and Defries say about genetics affecting intelligence?
Mz raised in same environment had significantly similar Iq even when reader separately
what do Plomin and Defries say about genetics and intelligent
Mz raised in same environment had significantly similar Iq even when reader separately
what does Lucas say about the environment and intelligence?
nutrition impact intelligence
premature babies fred breast milk had higher iq than bottle fed
what does Schoenthaler say about environment and Iq?
IQ improved when fed vitamin supplement
maternal drug use has negative effect on child’s IQ
what was historically found about brain size and intelligence?
larger head, larger brain so higher intelligence
used post mortems to validate conclusions
-new brains canning techniques shown small correlation
what was the aim of Van Leeuwen?
investigate intelligence using study with twins, siblings, parents to assess relationships between family members
what was the sample for Van Leeuwen?
112 families Netherlands
Mz/Dz twins siblings 9-14
all 2 parents
no psychiatric problems mental illness
volunteer
what was the design for Van Leeuwen?
extended twin design
what was the procedure for Van Leeuwen?
cheek swab
SPM-younger
APM-older
individually tested, seperate rooms
what were the results for Van Leeuwen?
-correlations on scores of IQ higher for MZ twins
-no difference between sexes
-correlation of IQ between couples similar
-genetics 67%
what were the conclusions for Van Leeuwen?
-main influence on IQ level is genetic factors
what are the practical applications for intelligence?
Ravens Progressive Matrices
The Good enough-Harris Drawing test
what is the Ravens Progressive Matrices?
non verbal
test fluid intelligence
incompleted pictorial patterns
different abilities and ages
1) colour prog matrice (children and disabilities)
2)standard prog matrice (7-18)
3)advanced prog matrice 18+
what are evaluations of Ravens progressive matrices?
-favoured in researching children because doesn’t rely on language
-neutral in terms of culture
-pessimistic
what is the Good enough Harrison Drawing test?
intelligence based on drawing not logic
visual spatial skills
drawing man women and themselves
analyse features and proportions
14 aspects
what are evaluations of the Good enough Harris Drawing test?
validity- men, women may be viewed differently
how does the brain develop?
neurons make connections- mostly in first 3 months
-limbic system and cerebral cortex not fully developed till adults
what is perception in children?
ability to see, hear or become aware of something thought senses
-brain processing and organising of sensory information
-develops in childhood and helps us interact with environment
what is the presence of white and grey matter in brain development?
grey matter peaks in adolescence then decreases
-white matter increases
what is the cognitive information processing model?
-attention paid
-stimulus is perceived through senses
-stimulus is transferred to memory
-solve new problems and understand
what is the role of brain weight in brain development?
Epstein- brain weight at birth 350g and 1000 at 2 due to myelination
- insulates neurons, helps conduct electrical impulses easily
makes movements smoother and more coordinated
what is synapse pruning?
-infants 2x amount of synapses than adults
-at 3 connections not being used die off leading to greater organisation
specialised for certain functions
how does brain development impact risk taking?
limbic system extremely active
ventral striatum matured
underdeveloped pre frontal cortex
how can environmental factors affect risk taking?
-alcohol reduces social discomfort, insecure so drink for confidence
-serotonin (neurotransmitter linked to mood) Rhesus Macaque monkeys- serotonin leads to impulsivity
what is barkley levenson and galvan aim?
difference in neural activity between adolescent and adult brain when engaging in risk taking behaviour
sample for blg?
20 adolescent
17 adults
university of California
healthy
right handed
volunteer- advertisement
design for blg?
quasi in lab conditions
independent measures
what was the first procedure for blg?
-collect info on source and amount of money
adolescent= $52 adult= $467
-gave $20 opportunity to gain or lose
-familiarised to FMRI
What was blg second procedure?
1 week later
-spinner 50% each side
-profit from -5 to 20
-24 gain only 24 lose only
-144 trials
-accept or reject based on ev
-one gamble would be played at the end
fmri
what were the results for blg?
-both accepted gamble when ev positive
-higher ev more likely adolescents were to accept
-left VS higher in adolescent and increased as ev rose
-behave similarly if no risk
conclusion for blg?
-due to brain development adolescents more likely to engage in risk taking
-adolescents higher activation in vs
-adolescent place grate value on reward
what are applications for risk taking behaviours?
GLS- graduate driver license
-parenting strategies
what are gls?
-more likely to engage in risk taking due to lack of cognitive control
-likely to drive riskier so insurance higher
-restrictions:
no night driving
zero alcohol
maximum speeds and suspensions
-limited passengers
what are evaluations of GLS?
-freewill- may not engage
-reductionist- some may work late
-stigma around young drivers
-effectiveness depends on strictness of implementation
what are parenting strategies to reduce risk taking behaviours?
Newman- adolescents brought up in authoritative families show fewer risk behaviours
-adolescents with authoritative parents have positive relationships and open communication least likely to risk take
-discipline
-slt
what are evaluations of parenting strategies to prevent risk taking behaviours?
freewill- children may ignore
-holistic-upbringing and biological
-nurture- optimistic
what is perception in children?
ability to see, hear or become aware of something through the senses
-brains processing and organising of sensory information
what is the cognitive information processing model?
-attention paid by an individual
-stimulus perceived through the senses
-stimulus transferred to the memory
-solve new problems and understand
how does perception develop in children?
-vision is last sense to develop
-facial recognition and depth perception develop over childs first year
what is depth perception?
3D
judge distance of object
motion parallex
once crawling has began
what is the constructivist theory of perception?
-develops as a result of past experiences
top down process
what is the nativist theory of perception?
natural and instinctive process
bottom up
immediate process
develop in same way at same age
what are the two ways to study perceptual development?
-habituation= how long look at familiar stimuli
-preferential looking= longer gaze on certain object
studies that used selective rearing in perception development
animals- Nealey and Riley rats in dark for first 300 days of life, unable to show depth perception
-cant selectively rear humans so culture has an impact- turnball= kenge thought buffalo was an insect
what was the aim for Gibson and Walk?
-investigate how humans and animals perceive depth
-when depth perception develops and if it’s innate
what was the sample for Gibson and Walk?
36 infants mums participated
-6 to 14 months
chicks, turtles, rats, lambs, pigs
what was the design and method for Gibson and Walk?
lab experiment
visual cliff
-iv- whether mum called from cliff or shallow side
-dv- if child would crawl to its mum
what was the procedure for Gibson and Walk?
visual cliff to test depth perception
-board on large sheet of glass printed pattern which was underneath on one side (cliff)
-child centre of board
what were the results for Gibson and Walk?
27/36 infants crawled to shallow side
-3/27 (11%) on deep side
-backed away from cliff edge
-cried and crawled away
-animals same
what were the conclusions for Gibson and Walk?
-most children displayed ability to perceive depth by the time they could crawl
-both nature and nurture as three crawled to deep side
-survival of species requires depth discrimination to take up independent movement
1 day in chicks and 6-10 months in humans
what are the applications for depth perception in children?
sensory integrative play
auditory bingo
what is sensory integrative play?
help cope with sensory and perceptual difficulties
-ADHD or ASD
-sensory therapist conducts initial assessment
-individual programme designed to be fun
-brushes on the skin, sitting or rolling on bouncy ball, weighted vest, dancing to different types of music
what are issues with sensory integrative play?
-nurture, optimistic
-holistic- music, touch, sight
-unethical, sensitive
-freewill, child needs to engage
what is auditory bingo?
-ability to interpret and create a clear impression of sounds
-distinguish between pitches, volumes, rhythms
-sounds of animals and everyday objects corresponds to image on board
familiar to child
what are issues with auditory attention?
-nurture, optimistic
-reductionist, children suffer with other things like touch
-unethical
